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1) Fruits and green vegetables are low calorie foods, so over weight persons should use these more frequently. 
2) One should avoid intake of too much salt. Salt may be a factor for increasing the body weight.
3) Milk products like cheese, butter should be avoided because these are rich in fat. Meat and non-vegetarian foods should also be avoided.
4) Spices like dry ginger, cinnamon, black pepper etc. are good for loosing weight and can be used in a number of ways.
5) Rice and potato which contain a lot of carbohydrates should be avoided among cereals wheat is good.
6) Vegetables like bitter gourd (Karela), and bitter variety of drumstick are useful for loosing weight.
7) Taking of honey is an excellent home remedy for obesity. It mobilizes the extra deposited fat in the body and puts it into circulation, which is utilized as energy for normal functions. One should start with small quantity of about 10 GMs. or a table spoonful to be taken with hot water. It is good to take it in early morning. A teaspoonful of fresh lemon juice may also be added.
8) Fasting on honey and lime juice is highly beneficial in the treatment of obesity without the loss of energy and appetite. In this mode of treatment, one teaspoonful of fresh honey should be mixed with a juice of half a lime in a glass of lukewarm water. It can be taken several times in a day at regular intervals.
9) Cabbage is considered to be an effective remedy for loosing weight. This vegetable inhibits the conversion of sugar and other carbohydrates into fat. Hence, it is of great value in weight reduction. It can be taken raw or cooked.
10) Exercise is an important part of weight reduction plan. It helps to use up calories stored in body as fat. In addition, it also relieves tension and tones up the muscles of the body. Walking is the best exercise to begin with and may be followed by running, swimming, rowing.
11) Lime juice is excellent for weight reduction. Juice of a lime mixed in a glass of warm water and sweetened with honey should be taken every morning on an empty stomach.
12) Measure the portions of your food every meal and make sure that the portions are small. For example one portion of rice should not be more than the quantity which can fit in your fist. Smaller meals at a regular interval of 4 to 5 hours will keep your metabolism high and prevent your body from converting the food you intake into fat. You must also include regular exercise in your daily routine to help enhance weight reduction..
source: facebook General Knowledge
World Malaria Day
25 April 2012
In 2010, about 3.3 billion people – almost half of the world’s population – were at risk of malaria. Every year, this leads to about 216 million malaria cases and an estimated 655 000 deaths. People living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable.
World Malaria Day – which was instituted by the World Health Assembly at its 60th session in May 2007 – is a day for recognizing the global effort to provide effective control of malaria. It is an opportunity:
for countries in the affected regions to learn from each other’s experiences and support each other’s efforts;
for new donors to join a global partnership against malaria;
for research and academic institutions to flag their scientific advances to both experts and general public; and
for international partners, companies and foundations to showcase their efforts and reflect on how to scale up what has worked.
The theme for World Malaria Day 2012 – Sustain Gains, Save Lives: Invest in Malaria – marks a decisive juncture in the history of malaria control. Whether the malaria map will keep shrinking, as it has in the past decade, or be reclaimed by the malaria parasites, depends, to a great extent, on the resources that will be invested in control efforts over the next years.
Investments in malaria control have created unprecedented momentum and yielded remarkable returns in the past years. In Africa, malaria deaths have been cut by one third within the last decade; outside of Africa, 35 out of the 53 countries, affected by malaria, have reduced cases by 50% in the same time period. In countries where access to malaria control interventions has improved most significantly, overall child mortality rates have fallen by approximately 20%.
Investments in malaria control have created unprecedented momentum and yielded remarkable returns in the past years. In Africa, malaria deaths have been cut by one third within the last decade; outside of Africa, 35 out of the 53 countries, affected by malaria, have reduced cases by 50% in the same time period. In countries where access to malaria control interventions has improved most significantly, overall child mortality rates have fallen by approximately 20%.
However, these gains are fragile and will be reversed unless malaria continues to be a priority for global, regional and national decision-makers and donors. Despite the current economic climate, development aid needs to continue flowing to national malaria control programs to ensure widespread population access to life-saving and cost-effective interventions. Long-term success will also depend on investments in on-going research and development to combat emerging threats such as parasite resistance.
Sustaining malaria control efforts is an investment in development. Continued investment in malaria control now will propel malaria-endemic countries along the path to achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goals, especially those relating to improving child survival and maternal health, eradicating extreme poverty and expanding access to education.
Source:http://www.who.int
http://www.worldmalariaday.org
World Health Day – 7 April
World Health Day is a global campaign, inviting everyone – from global leaders to the public in all countries – to focus on a single health challenge with global impact. Focusing on new and emerging health issues, World Health Day provides an opportunity to start collective action to protect people’s health and well-being.
World Health Day is celebrated every year on 7 April, under the sponsorship of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1948, the World Health Organization held the First World Health Assembly. The Assembly decided to celebrate 7 April of each year, with effect from 1950, as the World Health Day. The World Health Day is held to mark WHO’s founding, and is seen as an opportunity by the organization to draw worldwide attention to a subject of major importance to global health each year. The WHO organizes international, regional and local events on the Day related to a particular theme. Each year a theme is selected for World Health Day that highlights a priority area of concern for WHO. Resources provided continue beyond 7 April, that is, the designated day for celebrating the World Health Day. Different activities are being organized by WHO as well as non-governmental and community organizations around the world to mark World Health Day.
World Health Day 2012
 |
| how good health throughout life can help older men and women lead full and productive life? |
”Ageing and health: Good health adds life to years”
The topic of World Health Day in 2012 is Ageing and health with the theme “Good health adds life to years”. The focus is how good health throughout life can help older men and women lead full and productive lives and be a resource for their families and communities. Ageing concerns each and every one of us – whether young or old, male or female, rich or poor – no matter where we live.
The theme of World Health Day 2012 is devoted to “Ageing and Health”. Life expectancy is going up in most countries, meaning more and more people live longer and enter an age when they may need health care. Meanwhile birth rates are generally falling. Countries and health care systems will need to find innovative and sustainable ways to cope with the demographic shift.
- WHO
- Wikipedia
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus) is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active MTB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit their saliva through the air. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those infected.
World Tuberculosis Day, falling on March 24 each year, is designed to build public awareness about the global epidemic of tuberculosis and efforts to eliminate the disease. Today tuberculosis causes the deaths of about 1.7 million peo
ple each year, mostly in the Third World. March 24 commemorates the day in 1882 when Dr Robert Koch astounded the scientific community by announcing that he had discovered the cause of tuberculosis, the TB bacillus. At the time of Koch’s announcement in Berlin, TB was raging through Europe and the Americas, causing the death of one out of every seven people. Koch’s discovery opened the way toward diagnosing and curing tuberculosis.
ple each year, mostly in the Third World. March 24 commemorates the day in 1882 when Dr Robert Koch astounded the scientific community by announcing that he had discovered the cause of tuberculosis, the TB bacillus. At the time of Koch’s announcement in Berlin, TB was raging through Europe and the Americas, causing the death of one out of every seven people. Koch’s discovery opened the way toward diagnosing and curing tuberculosis.
In 1982, on the one-hundredth anniversary of Robert Koch‘s presentation, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) proposed that March 24 be proclaimed an official World TB Day.
How Tuberculosis Spreads
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that spreads through air like the common cold. When people who are sick with TB in their lungs cough, sneeze, spit or talk, the TB germs spread in the air and infect people who breathe in the germs. People who inhale the TB germs or bacilli may not immediately fall sick. The germs can lie dormant and when the person’s immune system is weakened the disease will surface. Other than the lungs, tuberculosis can also develop in lymph nodes, genitourinary tract, bone and joint areas, meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) and the lining outside the gastrointestinal tract.
.png "World Tuberculosis Day 2012 - 'Stopping TB in My Lifetime' 5")
Some WHO TB Facts
• A third of the world population has TB infection
• Globally, nearly 9 million people were suffering from TB in 2010
• There were about 1.5 million TB related deaths worldwide in 2010
• TB is a leading cause of death in patients infected with HIV
Multidrug – resistant TB
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is the biggest threat to serious TB control efforts. MDR-TB is dangerous because it harbors TB bacilli resistant to standard first line drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is often the result of inconsistent or incomplete treatment, when patients fail to take their medicines regularly, usually because they begin to feel better and wrongly assume they are completely cured. Sometimes patients develop MDR-TB because they follow wrong treatment regimens prescribed by doctors and health workers.
Recent TB Trends
An extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB especially in patients with TB and HIV is seriously posing a threat to TB control. World Health Organization (WHO) is pushing global policy to fast forward coordinated public health interventions in order to reduce the fatalities resulting from this dangerous combination of TB and HIV. According to a recent WHO report 910,000 lives have been saved over the last six years by stepping up collaboration between TB and HIV services.
Results of the world’s most advanced TB vaccine trial that would be out in early 2013 could perhaps point to a more effective vaccine against tuberculosis thereby reducing the burden of infection and fatalities very soon.
A World Free of TB
In tune with this year’s theme, many organizations that join hands globally in the Stop TB partnership have outlined targets that men, women and children can dare to dream and achieve in order to free the world from the clutches of tuberculosis. People young and old, living in different countries can have these hopes to put an end to TB in their lifetimes.
- No more deaths from TB
- Faster treatment
- Quick, low cost, low tech test for TB
- An effective TB vaccine
- A TB free world
Seminars, symposiums, quiz programs, poster presentations and TB vaccination camps for children are some of the events lined up in urban and rural areas in an attempt to increase awareness and check the spread of TB.
The war on TB is all geared up to see a fight to the finish that totally eliminates TB from every corner of the globe. You can do your bit by joining hands with associations or groups working on World TB Day 2012 campaigns and ensure that you’ve made an individual call to stop TB in your lifetime.
Nepal:
सरकारले सन् २०५० सम्ममा नेपाललाई क्षयरोग उन्मूलन भएको राष्ट्र बनाउने भएको छ । नेपालमा पनि क्षयरोग बिनाको संसार, मेरो जीवनमै पार्नुपर्छ साकार भन्ने नाराकासाथ सरकारी र गैरसरकारीस्तरमा विभिन्न कार्यक्रम गरी यो दिवस मनाइदैछ । नियमित रुपमा औषधी सेवन गरे पूर्ण रुपमा निको हुने क्षयरोगबारे अझै पनि अन्धविश्वास कायम रहँदा रोग निवारणमा समस्या देखिएको छ । क्षयरोग नियन्त्रण गर्नका लागि सरकारले ७५ वटै जिल्लामा डट्स उपचार केन्द्र स्थापना गरेको छ । नेपालमा हरेक वर्ष ४५ हजार नयाँ क्षयरोगी थपिन्छन् भने वर्षेनी ५ हजार व्यक्तिको यो रोगकै कारण मृत्यु हुने अनुमान छ । करिब आधा नेपालीको शरीरमा त कुनै न कुनै अंशमा क्षयरोगको ब्याक्टेरिया रहेको विज्ञहरु बताउँछन् । यद्यपि, यस्तो सुषुप्त रुपमा रहेको टीबीको किटाणुका कारण व्यक्तिमा तत्कालै केही असर भने भै हाल्दैन । मुलुकका करीब ४५ प्रतिशत जनसंख्या यही सुषुप्त अवस्थाको टीबीको किटाणु बोकेर हिँडिरहेका छन् ।
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले सन् २०१० मा ८८ लाख व्यक्ति क्षयरोगबाट संक्रमित भएको र १४ लाखले त मृत्युवरण नै गरेको जनाएको छ । यस्ता मृत्युको ९५ प्रतिशत त निम्न र मध्य आय भएका राष्ट्रमा भएको बताइन्छ ।नेपालमा पहिचान भएका क्षयरोगीको निको हुने दर ९० प्रतिशत छ । यसवर्ष ‘क्षयरोग बिनाको संसार, मेरो जीवनमै गर्नुपर्छ साकार’ भन्ने नाराका साथ मार्च २४ मा मनाइने विश्व क्षयरोग दिवसदेखि नै अभियान सुरु हुने जनाएको छ ।
Source: WHO,Medindia,wikipedia, News agencies.
सरकारले सन् २०५० सम्ममा नेपाललाई क्षयरोग उन्मूलन भएको राष्ट्र बनाउने भएको छ । नेपालमा पनि क्षयरोग बिनाको संसार, मेरो जीवनमै पार्नुपर्छ साकार भन्ने नाराकासाथ सरकारी र गैरसरकारीस्तरमा विभिन्न कार्यक्रम गरी यो दिवस मनाइदैछ । नियमित रुपमा औषधी सेवन गरे पूर्ण रुपमा निको हुने क्षयरोगबारे अझै पनि अन्धविश्वास कायम रहँदा रोग निवारणमा समस्या देखिएको छ । क्षयरोग नियन्त्रण गर्नका लागि सरकारले ७५ वटै जिल्लामा डट्स उपचार केन्द्र स्थापना गरेको छ । नेपालमा हरेक वर्ष ४५ हजार नयाँ क्षयरोगी थपिन्छन् भने वर्षेनी ५ हजार व्यक्तिको यो रोगकै कारण मृत्यु हुने अनुमान छ । करिब आधा नेपालीको शरीरमा त कुनै न कुनै अंशमा क्षयरोगको ब्याक्टेरिया रहेको विज्ञहरु बताउँछन् । यद्यपि, यस्तो सुषुप्त रुपमा रहेको टीबीको किटाणुका कारण व्यक्तिमा तत्कालै केही असर भने भै हाल्दैन । मुलुकका करीब ४५ प्रतिशत जनसंख्या यही सुषुप्त अवस्थाको टीबीको किटाणु बोकेर हिँडिरहेका छन् ।
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठनले सन् २०१० मा ८८ लाख व्यक्ति क्षयरोगबाट संक्रमित भएको र १४ लाखले त मृत्युवरण नै गरेको जनाएको छ । यस्ता मृत्युको ९५ प्रतिशत त निम्न र मध्य आय भएका राष्ट्रमा भएको बताइन्छ ।नेपालमा पहिचान भएका क्षयरोगीको निको हुने दर ९० प्रतिशत छ । यसवर्ष ‘क्षयरोग बिनाको संसार, मेरो जीवनमै गर्नुपर्छ साकार’ भन्ने नाराका साथ मार्च २४ मा मनाइने विश्व क्षयरोग दिवसदेखि नै अभियान सुरु हुने जनाएको छ ।
Source: WHO,Medindia,wikipedia, News agencies.
1. Don’t smoke —- Experiments from experts proves that smoking a cigarette after meal is comparable to smoking 10 cigarettes (chances of cancer is higher)
2. Don’t eat fruits immediately — Immediately eating fruits after meals will cause stomach to be bloated with air. There fore take fruits 1 -2 hours after meal or 1 hour before meal.
3. Don’t drink tea—— Because tea leaves contain a high content of acid. This substance will cause the protein content in the food we consume to be hundred thus difficult to digest.
4. Don’t loosen your belt———- Loosening the belt after meal will easily cause the intestine to be twisted and blocked.
.jpg "7 Dangerous acts after a meal 6")
5. Don’t bathe—————– Bathing after meal will cause the increase of blood flow to the hands, legs and body thus the amount of blood around the stomach will therefore decrease, this will weaken the digestive system in our stomach.
6. Don’t walk about————- People always say that after a meal walk a hundred steps and you will live till 99. In actual fact this is not true. Walking will cause the digestive system to be unable to absorb the nutrition from the food we intake.
7. Don’t sleep immediately–———– The food we intake will not be to digest properly. Thus will lead to gastric and infection in our intestine.
source: facebook
In prisons across the world, the HIV and AIDS epidemic presents a major challenge. HIV prevalence within prisons is often far higher than in the general community, and prisons are a high-risk environment for HIV transmission. However, when it comes to tackling the epidemic, prisoners are often neglected and overlooked.
Prevention programmes that have been shown to reduce HIV transmission are rarely available for inmates, and many prisoners with HIV are unable to access life-saving antiretroviral treatment. In many parts of the world prison conditions are far from satisfactory and HIV positive inmates barely receive the most basic healthcare and food. When it comes to HIV testing, some prison authorities enforce mandatory testing, which is often seen as a breach of human rights.
These issues are not confined to male prisoners; due to the high proportion of injecting drug users within prisons, female inmates have also been severely affected by HIV and AIDS.
Why is there a higher prevalence in prison?
Injecting drug use and incarceration are closely linked; many injecting drug users (IDUs) pass through the correctional system because of drug-related offences. As IDUs are at a greater risk of HIV infection, this group is often more likely to be infected with HIV than other incarcerated populations. In the absence of HIV preventative measures in prisons, this can pose a greater risk of HIV transmission among inmates.
HIV transmission in prison:
“Prison conditions are often ideal breeding grounds for onward transmission of HIV infection. They are frequently overcrowded. They commonly operate in an atmosphere of violence and fear. Tensions abound, including sexual tensions. Release from these tensions, and from the boredom of prison life, is often found in the consumption of drugs or in sex.” UNAIDS
Sexual transmission
One of the primary routes of HIV transmission is through sexual intercourse. In many prisons both consensual and non-consensual sexual activities are common among inmates even though they may be forbidden under prison rules. It is difficult to determine to what extent such activities occur, as those involved risk punishment if exposed to fellow inmates or prison officers. Therefore the majority of incidences go unreported. The need for prison and penal reform has been highlighted as an essential approach to preventing HIV transmission through sexual abuse. Reducing prison populations has been highlighted as one way in which this may be achieved.
A number of factors contribute to an increased risk of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse in prison:
Unavailability of condoms: Condoms, which can prevent HIV infection if used consistently and correctly, are often considered contraband within prisons. A study of HIV transmission among male prisoners in Georgia, America, found that only 30 percent of those who reported any consensual sex used condoms or improvised condoms.
Rape: The often violent nature of non-consensual sex can cause tearing and bleeding, which increases the risk of HIV transmission. Rape in prisons is rarely reported, but the WHO estimate that prevalence ranges from 0 to 16 percent.In 2003 in the United States it was estimated that over 1 million inmates had been sexually assaulted in the past 20 years.
Tattooing
Although illegal in most prisons, tattooing is still commonplace among incarcerated people. It is usually associated with the desire to advertise a group or membership status, or results from peer pressure, or often just boredom. Those who perform the tattooing tend not to have proper, sterilised tattooing equipment, posing another risk of HIV transmission. However, there have only been a few reported cases of suspected transmission due to contaminated equipment.
Violence
Fights and assaults are common in prison and carry a risk of HIV infection if people are exposed to blood and bodily fluids. Although transmission in this way is rare, the risk is still present and can be enhanced by factors that contribute to increased levels of violence, such as overcrowding in cells.
PREVENTION:
Despite the high risk of HIV transmission within prisons, HIV prevention programmes are often not provided for inmates. Some fear that these programmes will encourage illegal or undesirable behaviours. However, prisoners are entitled to the same human rights standards as non-incarcerated people and this includes protection from any communicable illness.
The following prevention initiatives have been tested within prisons, the majority of the time producing positive results.
Education
Educating people about HIV/AIDS can prevent new HIV infections, improve the quality of life of HIV positive people and help to reduce stigma and discrimination. It is usually considered an essential component of HIV prevention.
Harm reduction programmes
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Condom distribution
HIV testing in prisons
5th Mar 2012
The World Health Organisation has released a set of new policy guidelines to help governments and civil society scale-up combination programmes for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV. The move will facilitate a more effective public health approach in diagnosis, treatment and care of TB, thus reducing TB-related mortality of people living with HIV.
The importance of TB to the global HIV epidemic is enormous. TB is a serious health problem in its own right but it is also the leading cause of death for HIV positive people, because their immune system is often too weak to fight off infection. An estimated one-third of the people living with HIV around the world are also co-infected with TB. WHO acknowledged that increased collaboration between HIV and TB programmes was necessary, and in 2004 released an interim policy paper to offer immediate guidance for countries to decrease the burden of TB and HIV.
In the six years since the paper’s release, an estimated 910,000 lives have been saved through preventative therapy, intensified screening and infection control. The new policy guidelines take into account all available evidence and research, and advocate for a more integrated approach to TB and HIV programming.
source: WHO
Public HealthCoursesSchool of Public HealthSyllabusUndergraduate DegreeUniversities & School of Public Health
Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) Program, Pokhara University
Pokhara University was established with enactment of the Pokhara University Act 2053 BS and Pokhara University regulation 2055 BS with the mandate to produce high level human resources in different disciplines in partnership with the private sectors.
Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) is a four year program of Pokhara University under Faculty of Science and Technology. This program aims to fulfill the gaps of middle level public health practitioners in Nepal. The major goal of the program is to produce public health graduates of highest academic, technical and practical skill. The objective of the BPH program is to produce competent and need based public health graduates.
Bachelor of public health program of Pokhara University is rightly designed to produce middle level public health practitioners who can competently take of the public health actions. In this light, introduction and implementation of quality public health education has become a principal motto of this program, which envisioned to contribute in achieving the target of national health development.
Objectives
The course of BPH is designed to achieve the following objectives, to:
- Develop the knowledge and skills in applied public health sciences, laboratory works on applied health actions.
- Introduce and enhance the knowledge and practical skills in public health, primary health, health systems development, health economics, nutrition and environmental health.
- Train and develop the skills on epidemiological aspects of diseases and health system.
- Develop skills in designing, analyzing and evaluating applied public health research and management.
- Enhance the knowledge and practical skills in dealing with human resource development and existing issues in public health management.
- Develop the research and scientific writing skills through the introduction of research methods term paper and thesis.
- Ensure the skillful, practical and leading human resources through the community diagnosis and comprehensive field practices.
- Develop the extracurricular competencies through training and seminar.
Career opportunity
There is growing concern for improvement of health status from all stakeholders within Nepal or in the foreign countries. Provision of equitable access to health care for attainment of an acceptable level of health and better quality of life of the people by creating more equitable distribution of resources is the dominant concern of Nepal today. In many parts of the world scientists are investing themselves in introducing public health interventions that can deal with the lifestyle. However, Nepal is facing three fold burdens of diseases (communicable, lifestyle related and poverty). In order to cope with this complex situation, development of public health graduates has become inescapable. Very few number of public health workers are working within Nepal or in the other countries. In general, a BPH graduates can choose following area to build the career:
- University (Education/Research)
- Health Organizations (Public/NGO/Private)
- Health related Consultancy Agencies
- Self-entrepreneurship
Course Structure
The 4-year program leading to Bachelor of Public Health degree consists of a total of fifty-two courses divided into six standards, namely Basic Health Sciences, Public Health Sciences, Public Health Intervention, Public Health Tools/Methods, Public Health Management, and Public Health Laboratory/Community Skill Development Courses.
Curriculum
First Semester
- Introduction to Public Health-I
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Biochemistry
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Professional English
- Anatomy and Physiology Lab
- Biochemistry Lab
- Microbiology and Immunology Lab
- Professional English Practical
Second Semester
- Environmental Science
- First Aid
- First Aid Lab
- Nutritional Science
- Parasitology and Entomology
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Environmental Science Lab
- Nutritional Science Lab
- Parasitology and Entomology Lab
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Lab
Third Semester
- Communicable Diseases
- Environmental Health
- Non-communicable Diseases
- Public Health Nutrition
- Reproductive Health and Demography
- Integrated Concurrent Field Practice I
Fourth Semester
- Basic Epidemiology
- Introduction to Public Health-II
- Public Health Behavior and Anthropology
- Maternal, Child and Elderly Health
- Occupational Health and Safety
- Integrated Concurrent Field Practice II
Fifth Semester
- Basic Public Health Management
- Health Promotion and Education
- Epidemiological Methods and Management
- Public Health Sociology and Social Psychology
- Public Health Statistics-I
- Integrated Concurrent
- Field Practice III
Sixth Semester
- Community Health Diagnosis and Program Implementation Strategies
- Public Health Statistics-II
- Health System Management in Nepal-I
- Health Finance and Health Economics Including Entrepreneurship
- Health Education Communication
- Residential Field Practice (Community Health Diagnosis)
Seventh Semester
- Health Research Methodology
- Human Resource Development and Management
- Health Monitoring and Evaluation
- Health System Management in Nepal-II
- Residential Field Practice (Comprehensive Health Management)
Eighth Semester
- Disaster Management
- Public Health Policies, Laws and Acts
- Journal Club/Health Seminar
- Public Health Dissertation
Constituent Schools and affiliated Colleges
- School of Health and Allied Sciences
- CIST College
- LA GRANDE International College
- National Open College
- Nobel College
- Modern Technical College
Recommended Readings
- Syllabus for Bachelor in Public Health (BPH) Common Entrance Examination
- Sample Questions for MEC Common Entrance Examination
- 100 MCQs for Master of Public Health
- Primary Health Care & Nutrition MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Sociology MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Health Management and Health Economics MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Health Education MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Epidemiology MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Environmental & Occupational Health MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Demography MCQs, Master of Public Health
- Research Methodology & Bio-stat MCQs, Master of Public Health
Related courses
- Bachelor of Public Health Program- Karnali Academy of Health Sciences
- Bachelor in Public Health (BPH) Programme- IOM, Tribhuvan University
- Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) colleges in Nepal
- Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) – Faculty of Medical and Allied Science, Purbanchal University
- Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) Program, Pokhara University
How to protect your PowerPoint presentation by password [with read only option]
Following points are necessary to protect your presentation to prevent copy and paste of your contents.
Step 1:
Click in ‘’OFFICE BUTTON’’ in top of left hand side.
Step 2:
Click ‘’SAVE AS’’
Step 3:
Go to ‘’TOOLS’’
You can write your name or identity as ‘’author’’ of presentation and ‘’tags’’ also.
Step 4:
Go to GENERAL OPTIONS.
Step 4:
Leave blank. Don’t put any password in ‘’open file encryption setting for the document’’
Step 5:
Keeps password in file sharing setting for the document?
‘’PASSWORD TO MODIFY ‘’
Step 5:
Click ‘OK’
Step 6:
Choose location for your presentation for save.