PH Important DayPublic Health

Key messages for World Health Day 2018

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Key messages for World Health Day 2018

World Health Day messages

  • Universal health coverage is about ensuring all people can get quality health services, where and when they need them, without suffering financial hardship.
  • No one should have to choose between good health and other life necessities.
  • UHC is key to people’s and nations’ health and well-being.
  • UHC is feasible. Some countries have made great progress. Their challenge is to maintain coverage to meet people’s expectations.
  • All countries will approach UHC in different ways: there is no one size fits all. But every country can do something to advance UHC.
  • Making health services truly universal requires a shift from designing health systems around diseases and institutions towards health services designed around and for people.
  • Everyone can play a part in the path to UHC, by taking part in a UHC conversation.

Too many people are currently missing out on health coverage

“Universal” in UHC means “for all”, without discrimination, leaving no one behind. Everyone everywhere has a right to benefit from health services they need without falling into poverty when using them.
Here are some facts and figures about the state of UHC today:

  • At least half of the world’s people is currently unable to obtain essential health services.
  • Almost 100 million people are being pushed into extreme poverty, forced to survive on just $1.90 or less a day, because they have to pay for health services out of their own pockets.
  • Over 800 million people (almost 12 percent of the world’s population) spend at least 10 percent of their household budgets on health expenses for themselves, a sick child or other family member. They incur so-called “catastrophic expenditures”.
  • Incurring catastrophic expenses for health care is a global problem. In richer countries in Europe, Latin America and parts of Asia, which have achieved high levels of access to health services, increasing numbers of people are spending at least 10 percent of their household budgets on out-of-pocket health expenses.

What UHC is

  • UHC means that all people and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship.
  • UHC enables everyone to access the services that address the most important causes of disease and death and ensures that the quality of those services is good enough to improve the health of the people who receive them.

What UHC is not

  • UHC does not mean free coverage for all possible health interventions, regardless of the cost, as no country can provide all services free of charge on a sustainable basis.
  • UHC is not only about ensuring a minimum package of health services, but also about ensuring a progressive expansion of coverage of health services and financial protection as more resources become available.
  • UHC is not only about medical treatment for individuals, but also includes services for whole populations such as public health campaigns – for example adding fluoride to water or controlling the breeding grounds of mosquitoes that carry viruses that can cause disease.
  • UHC is not just about health care and financing the health system of a country. It encompasses all components of the health system: systems and healthcare providers that deliver health services to people, health facilities and communications networks, health technologies, information systems, quality assurance mechanisms and governance and legislation.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

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  • [irp posts=”11602″ name=”Tokyo Declaration on Universal Health Coverage: All Together to Accelerate Progress towards UHC”]

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Public Health

Open Letter to the Minister of Health

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Open Letter to the Minister of Health

 (Please find the original letter HERE (SWASTHAKHABAR.COM)

(SWASTHAKHABAR.COM)

DRAFT VERSION

(Original :  SWASTHAKHABAR.COM)

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Global Health NewsPublic Health News

World Bank and WHO: Half the world lacks access to essential health services, 100 million still pushed into extreme poverty because of health expenses

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

World Bank and WHO: Half the world lacks access to essential health services, 100 million still pushed into extreme poverty because of health expenses

TOKYO, December 13, 2017
At least half of the world’s population cannot obtain essential health services, according to a new report from the World Bank and the World Health Organization. And each year, large numbers of households are being pushed into poverty because they must pay for health care out of their own pockets.
Currently, 800 million people spend at least 10 percent of their household budgets on health expenses for themselves, a sick child or other family member. For almost 100 million people these expenses are high enough to push them into extreme poverty, forcing them to survive on just $1.90 or less a day. The findings, released today in Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report, have been simultaneously published in Lancet Global Health.
“It is completely unacceptable that half the world still lacks coverage for the most essential health services,” said Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization. “And it is unnecessary. A solution exists: universal health coverage (UHC) allows everyone to obtain the health services they need, when and where they need them, without facing financial hardship.”
“The report makes clear that if we are serious – not just about better health outcomes, but also about ending poverty – we must urgently scale up our efforts on universal health coverage,” said World Bank Group President Dr. Jim Yong Kim. “Investments in health, and more generally investments in people, are critical to build human capital and enable sustainable and inclusive economic growth. But the system is broken: we need a fundamental shift in the way we mobilize resources for health and human capital, especially at the country level. We are working on many fronts to help countries spend more and more effectively on people, and increase their progress towards universal health coverage.”  
There is some good news: The report shows that the 21st century has seen an increase in the number of people able to obtain some key health services, such as immunization and family planning, as well as antiretroviral treatment for HIV and insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent malaria. In addition, fewer people are now being tipped into extreme poverty than at the turn of the century.
Progress, however, is very uneven.
There are wide gaps in the availability of services in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. In other regions, basic health care services such as family planning and infant immunization are becoming more available, but lack of financial protection means increasing financial distress for families as they pay for these services out of their own pockets. This is even a challenge in more affluent regions such as Eastern Asia, Latin America and Europe, where a growing number of people are spending at least 10 percent of their household budgets on out-of-pocket health expenses. Inequalities in health services are seen not just between, but also within countries: national averages can mask low levels of health service coverage in disadvantaged population groups. For example, only 17 percent of mothers and children in the poorest fifth of households in low- and lower-middle income countries received at least six of seven basic maternal and child health interventions, compared to 74 percent for the wealthiest fifth of households.
The report is a key point of discussion at the global Universal Health Coverage Forum 2017, currently taking place in Tokyo, Japan. Convened by the Government of Japan, a leading supporter of UHC domestically and globally, the Forum is cosponsored by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), UHC2030, the leading global movement advocating for UHC, UNICEF, the World Bank, and WHO. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, World Bank President Kim, WHO Director-General Tedros and UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake will all be in attendance, in addition to heads of state and ministers from over 30 countries.
“Past experiences taught us that designing a robust health financing mechanism that protects each individual vulnerable person from financial hardship, as well as developing health care facilities and a workforce including doctors to provide necessary health services wherever people live, are critically important in achieving ‘health for all,’” said Mr. Katsunobu Kato, Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. “I firmly believe that these early-stage investments for UHC by the whole government were an important enabling factor in Japan’s rapid economic development later on.”
The Forum is the culmination of events in over 100 countries, which began on Dec. 12—Universal Health Coverage Day—to highlight the growing global momentum on UHC. It seeks to showcase the strong high-level political commitment to UHC at global and country levels, highlight the experiences of countries that have been pathfinders on UHC progress, and add to the knowledge base on how to strengthen health systems and effectively promote UHC. In advance of the Forum, the UN General Assembly officially proclaimed 12 December as International Universal Health Coverage Day to raise awareness of the need for strong and resilient health systems that leave no one behind. 
The main high-level sessions of the Forum take place tomorrow, Dec. 14, and will also feature an all-day “innovation showcase,” highlighting innovations driving progress in health systems around the world, and a celebratory public event in the evening. A commitment to action, called the Tokyo Declaration on Universal Health Coverage, will be released during the Forum’s closing ceremony. 
“Without health care, how can children reach their full potential? And without a healthy, productive population, how can societies realize their aspirations?” said UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake. “Universal health coverage can help level the playing field for children today, in turn helping them break inter-generational cycles of poverty and poor health tomorrow.”
Building on the G7 Ise-Shima Summit and the TICAD VI in 2016, both of which stress the need for UHC, the Forum in Tokyo is seen as a milestone for accelerating progress towards the target of UHC by 2030, a key part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Countries will then gear up for the next global moment: a high-level meeting of the UN General Assembly on UHC in 2019.

WORLD BANK: PRESS RELEASE NO: 2018/092/HD

Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report

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PH Important DayPublic Health

Prioritize Universal Health Coverage; provide quality health services to all: WHO

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Prioritize Universal Health Coverage; provide quality health services to all: WHO

SEAR/PR/1685

New Delhi, 4 April 2018: The World Health Organization today called upon countries in its South-East Asia Region to step-up efforts towards universal health coverage, to provide quality health services to all people when and where they need them, without having to suffer financial hardship.
“Universal health coverage is central to improving health and well-being – a fundamental human right. It is also imperative for a country’s well-being as healthier populations create more productive economies,” said Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh, Regional Director of WHO South-East Asia, on the occasion of the World Health Day celebrated on 7 April every year. The theme of this year’s World Health Day is Universal Health Coverage: everyone, everywhere.
Universal health coverage (UHC) is a flagship programme of WHO in the Region since 2014. In recent years, all Member States have taken several initiatives which have helped improve access to essential health services. However, challenges remain.
Nearly half of the WHO South-East Asia Region’s population still lacks full coverage of essential health services. Significant inequalities persist. Poorer people, and those in rural areas, have lower access than richer people, and those living in urban areas.
Some 65 million are pushed into extreme poverty, mainly due to paying out-of-pocket for medicines, especially for non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes etc, and other common ailments.
Dr Khetrapal Singh said more efforts are needed to increase human resources for health, enhance skills of health workers and aid staff retention in rural and hard-to-reach area, to ensure quality health services are available for everyone, everywhere.
Health services must be planned around the needs of the people, she said, highlighting that by 2020 more of the Region’s population will be over 60 than under-five. Hence, ageing population, reversing the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, and early detection and timely treatment of infectious diseases, should be the focus of frontline services.
Increasing access to quality and affordable essential medicines is also fundamental. Paying out-of-pocket for medicines is the leading cause of financial hardship from health care spending in this region, the Regional Director said.
UHC includes the full spectrum of essential, quality health services, from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.
Ensuring universal health coverage will help strengthen health security by making it easier to contain the spread of infectious diseases and respond effectively to natural disasters that the WHO South-East Asia Region is prone to.
Countries in the Region have committed to monitor who is not being covered by health services and why, and review annually progress on UHC and SDG3 health goal until 2030.
UHC is feasible and can be achieved progressively, sometimes with rapid, ground-breaking strides; sometimes via gradual though crucial reform, the Regional Director said.
On the World Health Day, we must reflect on and resolve to work towards achieving UHC, to change the lives of millions of people across the Region and beyond. We must continue to strive for health coverage that is for all people everywhere and which leaves no one behind, Dr Khetrapal Singh said.

SEAR/PR/1685

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NoticePH Important Day

The theme of World Health Day 2018 – NHEICC

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

The theme of World Health Day 2018 – NHEICC

”Universal Health Coverage: Everyone, Everywhere”

‘स्वास्थ्य सेवा सबैलाई : जहिले पनि, जहाँ पनि”
वा
”स्वास्थ्य सेवाको पहुँच: जसलाई पनि, जहाँ पनि”
वा 
”स्वास्थ्य सेवाको पहुँच: सबैलाई , सबै तिर”
वा
स्वास्थ सेवाको सर्बब्यापी पहुँच: जसलाई पनि, जहाँ पनि”
वा
”स्वास्थ सेवाको सर्बब्यापी : सबैलाई , सबै तिर”
वा
??

health day

The theme of World Health Day 2018 – NHEICC

[irp posts=”21178″ name=”Prioritize Universal Health Coverage; provide quality health services to all: WHO”]

[irp posts=”21103″ name=”Universal Health Coverage (UHC)”]

[irp posts=”21087″ name=”World Health Day 2018: 70th anniversary year of WHO”]

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PH Important DayPublic Health

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Universal Health Coverage

  • UHC means that all people and communities receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship.
  • UHC enables everyone to access the services that address the most important causes of disease and death and ensures that the quality of those services is good enough to improve the health of the people who receive them. (WHO)

what is uhc UHC half essential services


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  • [irp posts=”11288″ name=”UN Resolution on Universal Health Coverage”]

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PH Important DayPublic Health

World Autism Awareness Day 2 April 2018

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

World Autism Awareness Day 2 April 2018 

“Empowering Women and Girls with Autism”

World Autism Awareness Day (WAAD) aims to put a spotlight on the hurdles that people with autism – and others living with autism – face every day. As a growing global health issue owing to its increasing exposure in the press and common knowledge, autism is an issue that is only gaining more understanding – and WAAD activities are planned every year to further increase and develop world knowledge of children and adults who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Awareness days.com

In November 2017, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution drawing attention to the particular challenges that women and girls with disabilities face in the context of the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The resolution expresses concern that women and girls with disabilities, are subject to multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, which limit their enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The 2018 World Autism Awareness Day observance at United Nations Headquarters New York will focus on the importance of empowering women and girls with autism and involving them and their representative organizations in policy and decision making to address these challenges.
Girls with disabilities are less likely to complete primary school and more likely to be marginalized or denied access to education. Women with disabilities have a lower rate of employmentthan men with disabilities and women without disabilities. Globally, women are more likely to experience physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence than men, and women and girls with disabilities experience gender-based violence at disproportionately higher rates and in unique forms owing to discrimination and stigma based on both gender and disability. As a result of inaccessibility and stereotyping, women and girls with disabilities are persistently confronted with barriers to sexual and reproductive health services and to information on comprehensive sex education, particularly women and girls with intellectual disabilities including autism.
Through dynamic moderated discussions with experts and advocates, the observance will examine the particular challenges that women and girls with autism face in this context.
Other key issues to be addressed include challenges and opportunities in fully exercising rights in matters relating to marriage, family and parenthood on an equal basis with others, as underscored in Article 23 of the CRPD and in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by world leaders at the United Nations in 2015 (SDG 5.6).

UN

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ReportsResearch & Publication

The Nepal NCDI Poverty Commission Report

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update 
The Nepal NCDI Poverty Commission officially launched its National Report on 26 March 2018 
in Kathmandu.

Executive Summary of Report 

The burden of noncommunicable diseases and injuries (NCDIs) in terms of disability and death in Nepal has more than doubled over the past 25 years. In 2015, 51% of all death and disability (DALYs) were caused by NCDs and 14% were caused by injuries. Approximately half of this burden of disease actually occurs during childhood and early productive years (under the age of 40), and virtually all NCDIs cause death at an earlier age in Nepal than higher-income countries. Although global targets in NCDs largely focus on four major diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancers), 60% of death and disability from NCDIs in Nepal are due to other conditions, such as non-ischemic cardiac conditions, infection-related cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, mental health conditions, neurological disorders, and injuries (particularly as a result of natural disasters).
Some of these conditions disproportionately affect poorer segments of the Nepali population, such as ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, COPD, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, asthma, hearing loss, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, cirrhosis due to HBV, and peptic ulcer disease. Households in lower income quintiles have higher prevalence of respiratory diseases and asthma, gastrointestinal conditions, musculoskeletal conditions, and heart-related conditions. Many of these conditions are more likely linked to untreated infectious diseases, living conditions associated with poverty, and poor access to health services. Injuries, gastrointestinal conditions, and heart-related diseases cause the most impoverishment among NCDIs across the population, and at an individual household level, cancers, injuries, heart-related conditions, and kidney/liver diseases are severely impoverishing. Patient voices and narratives have been documented to faithfully capture the human experience of these conditions (visit http:// www.voicesofncdipoverty.org).
Despite inclusion of NCDIs in basic health services and high reported availability of NCDI services at public facilities, availability of key medications and readiness of NCD services remain very limited, and availability of trained human resources is a particular challenge. Although the government allocates 11% of expenditures to health, 48% of total health expenditure in Nepal comes from out of pocket. Thirty-three percent of this out-of-pocket spending is on NCDIs. The government allocates only 6.4% of health spending to NCDIs. Considering the burden and distribution of NCDIs in Nepal, this commission selected 25 NCDI disease conditions on which to increase health sector interventions. These conditions, which build on the existing goals in the Nepal health system, include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertensive heart disease and stroke, rheumatic heart disease, diabetes (type 1 and 2), breast and cervical cancer, childhood leukemias/ lymphomas, major depressive disorder, epilepsy, sickle cell disease, cirrhosis, motor vehicle road injuries and other injuries. The commission has identified 23 potential cost-effective interventions to be introduced and/or incrementally intensified within the health sector to establish Universal Health Coverage for these priority NCDI conditions by 2030. These interventions, if implemented to a realistic target coverage, are projected to avert at least 9,680 premature deaths every year by the year 2030. Furthermore, these interventions will lead to larger benefits by averting morbidity and DALYs given the emphasis on interventions for severe conditions affecting those at younger ages. These interventions would cost roughly 22% of total health expenditure, or 1.4% of current GDP, roughly $8.76 per capita, which although high, may be reasonable in consideration of the vast burden of disease comprised collectively by these conditions. 
In addition to consideration of these interventions, the commission also identified several areas to strengthen governance, health system strengthening, and monitoring of this expanded set of priority NCDIs. Specific approaches include strengthening the availability and readiness of essential health services and consideration of structured capacity building program for health service providers; promoting care packages, such as the Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease (PEN) interventions for primary health care; increasing the availability of specialty services and personnel; expanding progressive vertical programs providing free-care for disease specific areas (as has been done for cardiac surgery and dialysis); decentralizing and task shifting services for improved access in remote areas; and expanding basic health coverage for NCDIs to avoid impoverishing out-of-pocket costs. Monitoring of the response can be strengthened by expanding existing household data collection (i.e., STEPs, DHS, MICS) to include more diverse NCDI conditions as well as socioeconomic stratifiers, strengthening civil registration and vital statistics system to improve cause of death reporting mechanism such as obtaining information from community verbal autopsy programs, establishing disease registries to capture NCDIs at the community level, and expanding health facility surveys to include key areas such as in NCDs, mental health, and injury related services (i.e., surgery, rehabilitation, and palliative care). The establishment of a specific directorate for NCDIs within the federal and provincial Ministries of Health, as well as a high-level multi-sectoral task force, would provide greater governance and accountability to lead and track progress on NCDIs in Nepal. Finally, given the clear health and economic burden of the vast category of NCDIs, increased resources for NCDIs should be strongly considered, including a possible target of 20% of government expenditure on health towards these conditions. Progressive taxation on tobacco, alcohol, and sugary beverages, as well as other revenue streams, should be explored to both generate revenue and discourage use of key NCDI risk factors. In summary, this report provides a critical analysis of NCDIs in Nepal; and recommends realistic interventions to address an expanded set of prioritized NCDI conditions. Our recommendations specifically consider challenges pertinent to the poorest population and also pay attention to the unique differences in the diseases and risk factors that impact them. In the current context of national health system reform, we are confident that the recommendations of this report will provide valuable guidance for framing new policies and programs on NCDIs in Nepal.

Nepal NCDI Poverty Commission 2018 Report

Nepal NCDI Poverty Commission 2018 Report Appendices  

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Public Health Notes

Preventive Medicine & Community Health MCQs, Master of Public Health

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Preventive Medicine & Community MCQs, Master of Public Health

1. The purpose is to limit the incidence of disease by controlling causes and risk factors
A. Primordial prevention
B. Primary prevention
C. Secondary prevention
D. Tertiary prevention
Answer: B
2. The property of a test to identify the proportion of truly ill persons in a population who are identified as ill by a screening test
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive predictive value
D. Negative predictive value
Answer: A
3. The probability of a persons having the disease when the test is positive
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive predictive value
D. Negative predictive value
Answer: C
4. The extent to which a test is measuring what it is intended to measure
A. Reliability
B. Validity
C. Sensitivity
D. Specificity
Answer: B
5. A study that measures the number of persons with influenza in a calendar year
A. Cohort study
B. Case control
C. Cross sectional
D. Case report
Answer: C
6. Stage by which the presence of factors favors the occurrence of disease
A. Stage of susceptibility
B. Stage of presymptomatic disease
C. Stage of clinical disease
D. Stage of disability
Answer: A
7. Modes of horizontal transmission of disease, except
A. Contact
B. Vector
C. Common Vehicle
D. Genetic
Answer: D
8. An infected person is less likely to encounter a susceptible person when a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
A. Active immunity
B. Passive immunity
C. Herd immunity
D. Specific immunity
Answer: C
9. Occurrence in the community of a number of cases of disease that is unusually large or unexpected
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
D. Infection
Answer: B
10. Measures of central tendency, except
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. Variance
Answer: D
11. Range of values surrounding the estimate which has a specified probability of including the true population values
A. Standard deviation
B. Standard error
C. Confidence interval
D. Correlation coefficient
Answer: C
12. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
A. Type 1 error
B. Type 2 error
C. Power of a statistical test
D. Level of significance
Answer: A
13. The following are measures of disease frequency, except
A. Incidence rate
B. Prevalence
C. Cumulative incidence
D. Relative risk
Answer: D
14. The proportion of cases of a specified disease or condition which are fatal within a specified time
A. Morbidity rate
B. Case fatality rate
C. Proportionate mortality
D. Death rate
Answer: B
15. The relation between exposure and disease is considered to be causal or etiological in the following, except
A. Dose response relation
B. Cessation of exposure
C. Temporal relation
D. No confounding
Answer: D
16. A study that measures the incidence of a disease
A. Case report
B. Cross sectional
C. Case control
D. Cohort
Answer: D
17. A study wherein bias is less likely to occur
A. Case report
B. Cross sectional
C. Case control
D. Cohort
Answer: D
18. The proportion of disease incidence that can be attributed to a specific exposure
A. Relative risk
B. Odds ratio
C. Attributable risk
D. Potential risk
Answer: C
19. All of the following are potential benefits of a randomized clinical trial, except
A. The likelihood that the study groups will be comparable is increased
B. Self-selection for a particular treatment is eliminated
C. External validity of the study is increased
D. Assignment of the next subject cannot be predicted
Answer: C
20. Recall is an example of what type of bias
A. Selection bias
B. Information bias
C. Confounding
D. Systematic
Answer: B
21. Type of design where both exposure and disease are determined simultaneously for each subject
A. Case study
B. Cross sectional study
C. Case control study
D. Cohort study
Answer: B
22. A study is conducted to determine the proportion of persons in the population with PTB using AFB sputum for diagnosis
A. Case study
B. Cross sectional study
C. Case control study
D. Cohort study
Answer: B
23. Randomization is the best approach in designing a clinical trial in order to
A. Achieve predictability
B. Achieve unpredictability
C. Achieve blinding
D. Limit confounding
Answer: B
24. Type of sampling whereby subjects are assigned according to a factor that would influence the outcome of a study
A. Simple random sampling
B. Systematic sampling
C. Stratified random sampling
D. Cluster sampling
Answer: C
25. The extent to which a specific health care treatment, service, procedure, program, or other intervention produces a beneficial result under ideal controlled conditions is its
A. Effectiveness
B. Efficacy
C. Efficiency
D. Effect modification
Answer: B
26. Leading cause of Diarrheal disease
A. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
B.Salmonella (non-typhoid)
C.Rotavirus
D. Campylobacter jejuni
Answer: C
37. Mammography should be done annually in women of what age?
A. 50 years old. and above
B. 60 years old and above
C. 45 years old and above
D. 30 years old and above
Answer: A
28. APGAR family assessment is interpreted by means of
A. Scoring
B. Comparing with a standard table
C. Using a scale of wellness
D. Consultation with a family psychologist
Answer: A

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Public Health Notes

100 MCQs for Master of Public Health

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

100 MCQs for  Master of Public Health, MPHN & MHP&E – IOM, TU

1. Which of the following study determine prevalence of diseases?
a) Longitudinal study b) Case control study
c) Cohort study. d) Cross sectional study

Recommended reading: List of Laboratories for SARS CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test

2. 85% cancer among smoker is-
a)Attribute risk b)Relative risk

3. In which of the following study relative risk is calculated? a. Case control study b. Cohort study
c. Longitudinal study d. Cross sectional study

4.Which of the following is the limiting amino acid?
a.soyabean b. Gram
c. lentils d. pea

5. Which of the following international conferences advocate the health promotion.
a. Ottawa charter b. ICPD
c. Beijing conference d.habitat II

6. According to Alma-Ata, elements of PHC are
a. eight b. three c. six d. five

7. Which of the following protein is reference is considered as reference protein.
a. egg b.meat c. milk d.all

8. Nucleo protein requires which of the following
a. folic acids b. nuclic acids c. ascorbic acid d.all

9. Measurement of climate change is in
a.decadal b.heptadal c.milidal d.all

10.Measure of water vapour per cu cm is-
a. absolute humidity b. relative humidity
c.both d. none

11. Daily dose of thiamine for adults is:
a.1mg b.2mg c.3mg d. none

12 John Snow located source of
a. cholera b. typhoid c .plague d. All

13.Inductive research was purposed by
a.aristotle b. Socrates c.plato d. none

14.Father of medical sociology-
a. Macintyre b. Hippocrates c. john snow d. none

15. Which of the following meats contains more cholesterol and triglycerides
a. pork meat b. beef meat c. fish d. all

16. Overall meteorology of geography is known as.
a. climate b. global warming c. climate change d. none

17. CDM stands for-
a. clean development mechanism b. community development mechanism
c. clear development model d. none

18. Preservative of sewage is called-
a. chloroform b. haloform
c. formalin d. all

19. Group affinity means
a. common interest i.e. we feeling b. vested interest
c. both d. none

20. Burden of disease is measured by:
a. Disability Adjusted life years(DALY) b. Physical Quality of life years (PQLY)
c. Health Adjusted Life Years (HALE) d. All of the above

[quads id=11]

21. A baby is called low birth weight if he /she measures less than :
a. 2.5 kg b.1.5 kg c. 3.5 kg d. 2.2 kg

22. Most common side effect of IUD is
a. bleeding b.UTI(Urinary Tract Infection)
c. leucorrhoea c. amenorrhea.

23. Which of the following eliminate odour, taste and color from water:
a. chlorine b. potash c. ozone d. UV rays.

24. Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica is:
a)trophozoite b)cyst c)sporozoite d)merozoite

25.The very important variable for assessing nutrition of under 5 children is/are:
a)weight b)height c)age d)all of above

26. Most common diarrhoeal agent for infant is:
a)rhino virus b)rota virus c)enterovirus d)E.coli

27.Constant presence of disease in an area during a period of time is :
a)endemic b)epidemic c)sporadic d)pandemic

28.Which is not the principle of management?
a)scaler chain of command b)division of work
c)hierarchial management d)discipline

Recommended readings



29.PNMR refers to:
a)post Neonatal mortality rate b)post natal mortality rate
c)perinatal mortality rate d)prenatal mortality rate

30.A baby is called exclusively breast feed if he/she is breast fed for:
a)2-3 month b)3-4 months c)3-5 months d)7-8 months

31.The vector responsible for leishmaniasis is:
a) mosquito b)bugs c) tsetse flies d)sandflies

32. Which method is suitable for teaching mother group about preparation of superflour:
a)demonstration b)group discussion
c) roleplaying d)exhibition

33. MDG stands for:
a)Medical Development Group b)Millennium Development Goals
c)Master Development Goals d)Management development goal

34. The nature of common source epidemic:
a)scattered effect b)explosive
c)more prevalence rate d)all of above

35. In any programme target refers to:
a)set of activities b)objective of programme
c) degree of achievement d)evaluation to be done

36. 8 years long study was done and at last 45 new cases per 1000 found and that last case is called:
a)prevalence rate b)incidence rate
c)primary case d)index rate

37. In any study, selection bias interfere:
a)internal validity b)external validity
c)face validity d)translation validity

38. Median age of old population, refers to population of age:
a)30 years b)>30 years c)30-40 years d)40-45 years

39. Among the following, common occupational disease in working place:
a)cardiovascular disease b)skin disease
c)mental disease d)endocrine disease

40. major source of air pollution in city is:
a)burning wood b)industries c)automobiles d)gas stove

41. Latrine intended to use for camps of longer duration is:
a)shallow trench latrine b)deep trench latrine
c)bore hole latrine d)water seal latrine

42. In any study nutritional status measurement is done through:
a)nominal scale b)ordinal scale
c)interval scale d)ratio scale

43. opportunistic infection is :
a)primary infection b)secondary infection
c)tertiary infection d)side effect of drug

44. Helisinki declaration was about:
a)women rights b)ethics in research
c)human rights d)gender issue

45. In quasi experimental study there is no :
a)no control b)no randomization
c)neither randomization nor control d)both randomization and control



46. obesity occurs due to:
a)more consumption of calorie b)more consumption of protein
c)more consumption of vitamins d)None

47. When people migrate within the same country ,it is called:
a)in migration b)emigration
c)outmigration d)immigration

48. clustrom protein coagulates due to:
a)albumin b)globulin c)fibrinogen d)prothrombin

49 .UN declaration on human right occurred in:
a)1948 b)1950 c)1946 d)1952

50 . Very simple probability is:
a)conditional probability b)marginal probability
c)binomial probability d)both (b)&(c)

51. Randomization is done in experimental study:
a)to eliminate selection bias. b)to select control
c)to eliminate confounding bias c)all of above

52 .when research topic is not novel and relevant:
a)correct it b)change it
c)read more about it d)review articles

53 .which of the following does not affect sample size?
a)site of the study b)population
c) time d)all



54 . when group do not became able to to make decision,then there should be:
a)democratic decision b)group should be dismissed
c)hip pocket decision d)group decision

55 .PERT means:
a)gender analysis b)network analysis
c)statistical analysis d)problem analysis

56 .Road to health card was designed by :
a)David Morley b)John Hopkins
c)kurt lewin d)john snow

57 .Iodine surveillance in community is done by:
a)testing iodine secretion in urine b)measuring iodine from packets
c)analysis of goiter prevalence d)data collection

58 .Population balancing equation indicates:
a)constant balance in population b)change in population
c)increase in population d)decrease in population

59 .Abstract of journal doesn’t contain:
a)methodology b)ethical consideration
c)conclusion d)sample size

60 . Sensitivity means;
a)true negative b)false negative
c)true positive d)false positive

61 . ascribed status is achieved :
a)by birth b)by adolescents
c)by mother d)by social norms

62 .very strong desire to do something refers to:
a)overt behavior b)covert behavior
c)perception d)attitude

63 .In the study of COPD which test will be suitable:
a)Z test b)t- test
c)chi-square test d)anova test

64 .Male and female rats experimented with 4 different drugs, then which of the following study is conducted.
a.chi square test b. z test
c. t test d. none

65 .validity stands for.
a. accuracy b. reliability
c. consistency d. all


66 .Selection bias interferes-
a. internal validity b. external validity
c. face validity c. all

67 .Targets means –
a. degree of achievement b. result that you want to achieve
c. both a. and b. d. none

68 .Nature of common sources epidemic
a. explosive b. slow
c. static d. all

69 . Median age of old population is
a. more than 30 years b. more than 40 years
c. 50 years c. 60 years

70 . MDG stands for
a Millennium Development Goals b. mild development goals
b Both a and b c. none


71 .Preparation of Super flour can be best done with
a. demonstration b.exhibition
c . both d. none

72. Cognitive skills related to
a. knowledge b. attitude
c. behavior d. none

73 .Covert behavior means
a. very strong desire to do something b. no any desire to do something
c. convincing behavior d. none

74 .FCTC stands for
a. framework convention on t Framework convention on Tobacco Control
Tuberculosis control
c. fact on tremendous care 75.POMA Stands for
a. planning , organizing, monitoring and appreciation
b. planning , organizing, monitoring, and application
c. planning, organizing, monitoring, apprehension.
d. all of the above

75. Vitamins that is related for coagulation is
a. Vitamin K b. vitamin c
c. Vitamin d. Vitamin A

76. Enlargement of vital organs is due to :
a. phospholipids b. glycolipid
c. phospholipase d. all

77.Global fund is:
a. multilateral b. bilateral
c. both a and b ` c. none

78. Alma Ata conference on Health was held in
a.12 September 1978 b. 14 September 1968
c. 14september 1978 d. none

79. Selective PHC
a. vertical program b. horizontal program
c. parallel program d. all



80. SAP stands for
a. reducing public sector subsidy b. increasing public sector subsidy
c. increasing government sector subsidy d. none

81.Precision stands for –
a. Reliability b. accuracy
c. consistency d. validity

82.More CO2 is generated from
a. fossils fuels b. kitchens(burning firewood)
c. industries d. all

83.Acid rain due to
a. SO2 b. H2SO4
c. HCL d. b. and c

84.Green house gas –
a. trap heat of planet b. reflects heat from the planet
c. reduces temperature of atmosphere d. all

85.Which of the following is the strength of Case control study?
a. rare disease b. bias can be minimized
c. temporal relationship can be established d. relative risk can be calculated

86.Which is not related to marriage?
a. Polygamy b. living together
c. love d. divorce

87.Which of the following is the social indicator?
a. CBR b.IMR c. CDR d. None

88.ICPD focus on
a. women RH issues b. child health issues
c adolescent health issues d. all

89. Main objective of IHP
a) disease control b) donor harmonizarion
c) health promotion d) research

90. Rejecting Ho when true-
a) type II error b) random error
c) systemic error d) type I error

91. According to NDHS 2006, in which birth spacing , IMR is more
a) 3 yrs b) 2yrs
c) 1yr d) 5yrs

92. Calculating formula of GFR
a) No. of live birth *1000/population of women of reproductive age(15-49yrs)
b) No. of live birth *1000/population of married women of reproductive age(15-49yrs)
c) No. of live birth *1000/Total population of women
d) No. of live birth *100000/population of women of reproductive age(15-49 yrs)

93. Parameter is related to
a) population b) sample
c) statistics d) variable

94. Health economics- increased competition do not interfere health services

95. Which of the following is not true about incidence in tuberculosis?
a) also known as annual incidence rate
b) also known as tuberculine conversion index
c) can be judged by percentage of person showing positive reaction to standard tuberculine test
d) expess the attacking force of tuberculosis in a community



96. Mass miniature radiography is stopped as general measure of case finding measure because of
a) lack of definitiveness
b) high proportion of erroneous enterpretation of film
c) low yield of cases commensurate with effort involed
d) all of the above

97. The main of antituberculosis is
a) bacteriological care
b) radiological care
c) prevent complication
d) contact tracing

98. Vibrio cholera are destroyed by all except
a) boiling b) drying
c) bleaching powder (1 mg/lit.) d) cresol

99. Which of the following opportunistic fungal infection is seen in AIDS?
a) candida b) Cryptococcus
c) coccidioides d) all of the above

100. Anti malaria month is observed in
a) april b) may
c) june d) july

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