Page 163 – Public Health Update

Application open! IR-MOOC (Massive open online course on implementation research)

by Public Health Update September 9, 2020

written by Public Health Update

A new session of the TDR Massive Open Online Course on Implementation Research is now organized by TDR and the School of Public Health, University of Ghana, the Regional Training Center supported by TDR in the WHO African Region.

READ MORE: IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH

This free course is a step-by-step online training for public health researchers and decision-makers, disease control programme managers, academics and others, that focuses on how to design and demonstrate robust IR projects to improve control of infectious diseases of poverty and generate better health outcomes.

Implementation research (IR) is important for designing strategies or solutions to overcome bottlenecks that prevent proven and innovative public health interventions from reaching the people who need them. This ensure that these interventions are used in a manner that results in the outcome for which they were intended.

Such solutions include how to overcome barriers to adoption of drugs, diagnostics or preventive measures that improve health for people at risk of malaria, tuberculosis, NTDs or other infectious diseases. IR can help to ensure that health solutions reach the people who need them and are used in ways that generate intended results.

This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a step-by-step online training that will introduce you to designing robust IR projects. You will have access to leading world experts who will take you through the core concepts of IR, including how to: identify the challenges of various health settings; assess the appropriateness of existing strategies; develop new interventions and strategies by working with communities and stakeholders; specify your IR questions; and design rigorous research projects.

You will learn how to identify IR outcomes, evaluate effectiveness, and make plans to scale up implementation.

No technical or scientific background is required, though a health background will be an advantage.

Features

5 MODULES
6 WEEKS
26 RESEARCH EXPERTS FROM 16 COUNTRIES PROVIDE ADVICE
12 SPEAKERS
26 VIDEOS
Free enrollment
Certificate of completion available
Language: English with subtitles in English, French and Spanish
Estimated effort: 2:30 per week
Forum discussion available for exchange opinions

Enrollment process

The course is open to everyone and starts on 5 October 2020. Please send us a request at the following e-mail address: artc@ug.edu.gh.

Deadline to register: 25 September 2020.

Implementation Research

Implementation Research (IR) Initiative in Nepal

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September 9, 2020 3 comments

Vector-Borne Diseases(VBDs)Global Health News Public Health Public Health News

Dengue control: three-year Indonesia trial shows promising results

by Public Health Update September 9, 2020

written by Public Health Update

7 September 2020, Geneva

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of WHO in recent years. The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically worldwide in recent decades. The virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Ae. aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus.

The number of dengue cases reported to WHO increased more than 8-fold over the past two decades, and dengue is the only communicable disease that has increased exponentially with rapid urbanization and environmental changes. The vast majority of cases are asymptomatic or mild and self-managed; hence, the actual numbers of dengue cases are under-reported.

The world relies heavily on vector control, and conventional methods have limited impact. Lack of funds for operational research and the paucity of strong evidence for sustained interventions continue to undermine global control efforts.

A three-year trial in Indonesia has produced encouraging results that show a significant reduction in the number of dengue cases. It involved the release Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in and around the dengue-endemic city of Yogyakarta.

The study found that in the city and surrounding areas where the infected mosquitoes were released the number of cases of dengue decreased significantly compared with parts of the city where they were not.

The trial – conducted by the World Mosquito Program in close collaboration with the Tahija Foundation and the Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia – tested Ae. aegypti mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia for their capacity to inhibit transmission of dengue virus.

The results will be submitted for evaluation during the next meeting of the WHO Vector Control Advisory Group in December for experts to formally assess the impact of the strategy based on the results of the trial and associated studies.

As there are few effective sustainable tools available to combat Aedes-borne diseases, all new tools that demonstrate public health value against dengue and similar viruses will be a welcome addition to the vector control arsenal.

Wolbachia

Wolbachia are intercellular natural symbiotic bacteria in insects that are known to reduce the capacity of Ae. aegypti to transmit dengue virus and related viruses under laboratory conditions. However, epidemiological evidence has been awaited to demonstrate the large‐scale deployment of Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti in reducing the overall frequency of transmission of dengue virus within a population; the results of the study from Indonesia are therefore of great interest.

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Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Global Health News International Plan, Policy & Guidelines Public Health Public Health News

WHO calls for global action on sepsis – cause of 1 in 5 deaths worldwide

by Public Health Update September 9, 2020

written by Public Health Update

8 September 2020 News release Geneva

The World Health Organization’s first global report on sepsis finds that the effort to tackle millions of deaths and disabilities due to sepsis is hampered by serious gaps in knowledge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. According to recent studies, sepsis kills 11 million people each year, many of them children. It disables millions more.

But there’s an urgent need for better data. Most published studies on sepsis have been conducted in hospitals and intensive care units in high-income countries, providing little evidence from the rest of the world. Furthermore, the use of different definitions of sepsis, diagnostic criteria and hospital discharge coding makes it difficult to develop a clear understanding of the true global burden of sepsis.

“The world must urgently step up efforts to improve data about sepsis so all countries can detect and treat this terrible condition in time,” says Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “This means strengthening health information systems and ensuring access torapid diagnostic tools, and quality care including safe and affordable medicines and vaccines.”

Sepsis occurs in response to an infection. When sepsis is not recognized early and managed promptly, it can lead to septic shock, multiple organ failure and death. Patients who are critically ill with severe COVID-19 and other infectious diseases are at higher risk of developing and dying from sepsis.

Even sepsis survivors are not out of danger: only half will completely recover, the rest will either die within 1 year or be burdened by long-term disabilities.

A serious complication of infection

Sepsis disproportionately affects vulnerable populations: newborns, pregnant women and people living in low-resource settings. Approximately 85.0% of sepsis cases and sepsis-related deaths occur in these settings.

Almost half of the 49 million cases of sepsis each year occur among children, resulting in 2.9 million deaths, most of which could be prevented through early diagnosis and appropriate clinical management. These deaths are often a consequence of diarrhoeal diseases or lower respiratory infections.

Obstetric infections, including complications following abortion or infections following caesarean section, are the third most common cause of maternal mortality. Globally, it is estimated that for every 1000 women giving birth, 11 women experience infection-related, severe organ dysfunction or death.

The report also finds that sepsis frequently results from infections acquired in health care settings. Around half (49%) of patients with sepsis in intensive care units acquired the infection in the hospital. An estimated 27% of people with sepsis in hospitals and 42% of people in intensive care units will die.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge in sepsis treatment as it complicates the ability to treat infections, especially in health-care associated infections.

Improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of sepsis

Improved sanitation, water quality and availability, and infection prevention and control measures, such as appropriate hand hygiene can prevent sepsis and save lives – but must be coupled with early diagnosis, appropriate clinical management, and access to safe and affordable medicines and vaccines. These interventions could prevent as many as 84% of newborn deaths due to sepsis.

So WHO calls on the global community to:

Improve robust study designs and high-quality data collection, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Scale-up global advocacy, funding and the research capacity for epidemiological evidence on the true burden of sepsis.
Improve surveillance systems, starting at the primary care level, including the use of standardized and feasible definitions in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), and leveraging existing programmes and disease networks.
Develop rapid, affordable and appropriate diagnostic tools, particularly for primary and secondary levels of care, to improve sepsis identification, surveillance, prevention and treatment.
Engage and better educate health workers and communities not to underestimate the risk of infections evolving to sepsis, and to seek care promptly in order to avoid clinical complications and the spread of epidemics.

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September 9, 2020 0 comments

Trans fat free grunge rubber stamp on white background, vector illustration

Life Style & Public Health Nutrition Global Health News Public Health Public Health News

More than 3 billion people protected from harmful trans fat in their food

by Public Health Update September 9, 2020

written by Public Health Update

But, 11 out of 15 countries with the most coronary heart disease deaths due to trans fats have yet to take actions to eliminate the substances

9 September 2020 News release Geneva

Two years into the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ambitious effort to eliminate industrially produced trans fats from the global food supply, the Organization reports that 58 countries so far have introduced laws that will protect 3.2 billion people from the harmful substance by the end of 2021. But more than 100 countries still need to take actions to remove these harmful substances from their food supplies.

WHO recommends that trans fat intake be limited to less than 1% of total energy intake, which translates to less than 2.2 g/day with a 2,000-calorie diet. To achieve a world free of industrially produced trans fats by 2023, WHO recommends that countries:
develop and implement best-practice policies to set mandatory limits for industrially produced trans fats to 2% of oils and fats in all foods or to ban partially hydrogenated oils (PHO);
invest in monitoring mechanisms, e.g. lab capacity to measure and monitor trans fats in foods; and
advocate for regional or sub-regional regulations to expand the benefits of trans fat policies.

Consumption of industrially produced trans fats are estimated to cause around 500,000 deaths per year due to coronary heart disease.

“In a time when the whole world is fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, we must make every effort to protect people’s health. That must include taking all steps possible to prevent noncommunicable diseases that can make them more susceptible to the coronavirus, and cause premature death,” said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Our goal of eliminating trans fats by 2023 must not be delayed.”

Fifteen countries account for approximately two thirds of the worldwide deaths linked to trans fat intake. Of these, four (Canada, Latvia, Slovenia, United States of America) have implemented WHO-recommended best-practice policies since 2017, either by setting mandatory limits for industrially produced trans fats to 2% of oils and fats in all foods or banning partially hydrogenated oils (PHO).

But the remaining 11 countries (Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, Republic of Korea) still need to take urgent action.

The report highlights two encouraging trends. First, when countries do act, they overwhelmingly adopt best-practice policies rather than less restrictive ones. New policy measures passed and/or introduced in the past year in Brazil, Turkey and Nigeria all meet WHO’s criteria for best-practice policies. Countries, such as India, that have previously implemented less restrictive measures, are now updating policies to align with best practice.

Second, regional regulations that set standards for multiple countries are becoming increasingly popular, emerging as a promising strategy for accelerating progress towards global elimination by 2023. In 2019, the European Union passed a best-practice policy, and all 35 countries that are part of the WHO American Region/Pan American Health Organization unanimously approved a regional plan of action to eliminate industrially produced trans fats by 2025. Together, these two regional initiatives have the potential to protect an additional 1 billion people in more than 50 countries who were not previously protected by trans fat regulations.

“With the global economic downturn, more than ever, countries are looking for best buys in public health,” said Dr Tom Frieden, President and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives. “Making food trans fat-free, saves lives and saves money, and, by preventing heart attacks, reduces the burden on health care facilities.”

Despite the encouraging progress, important disparities persist in policy coverage by region and country income level. Most policy actions to date, including those passed in 2019 and 2020, have been in higher-income countries and in the WHO Regions of the Americas and Europe. Best-practice policies have been adopted by seven upper-middle-income countries and 33 high-income countries; no low-income or lower-middle-income countries have yet done so.

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September 9, 2020 0 comments

Global Health News Outbreak News Public Health Public Health News

COVID-19 could reverse decades of progress toward eliminating preventable child deaths, agencies warn

by Public Health Update September 9, 2020

written by Public Health Update

9 September 2020 News release New York/Geneva

With the number of under-five deaths at an all-time recorded low of 5.2 million in 2019, disruptions in child and maternal health services due to the COVID-19 pandemic are putting millions of additional lives at stake

The number of global under-five deaths dropped to its lowest point on record in 2019 – down to 5.2 million from 12.5 million in 1990, according to new mortality estimates released by UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the World Bank Group.

Since then, however, surveys by UNICEF and WHO reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in major disruptions to health services that threaten to undo decades of hard-won progress.

“The global community has come too far towards eliminating preventable child deaths to allow the COVID-19 pandemic to stop us in our tracks,” said Henrietta Fore, UNICEF Executive Director. “When children are denied access to health services because the system is overrun, and when women are afraid to give birth at the hospital for fear of infection, they, too, may become casualties of COVID-19. Without urgent investments to re-start disrupted health systems and services, millions of children under five, especially newborns, could die.”

Over the past 30 years, health services to prevent or treat causes of child death such as preterm, low birthweight, complications during birth, neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, as well as vaccination, have played a large role in saving millions of lives.

Now countries worldwide are experiencing disruptions in child and maternal health services, such as health checkups, vaccinations and prenatal and post-natal care, due to resource constraints and a general uneasiness with using health services due to a fear of getting COVID-19.

A UNICEF survey conducted over the summer across 77 countries found that almost 68 per cent of countries reported at least some disruption in health checks for children and immunization services. In addition, 63 per cent of countries reported disruptions in antenatal checkups and 59 per cent in post-natal care.

A recent WHO survey based on responses from 105 countries revealed that 52 per cent of countries reported disruptions in health services for sick children and 51 per cent in services for management of malnutrition.

Health interventions such as these are critical for stopping preventable newborn and child deaths. For example, women who receive care by professional midwives trained according to internationals standards are 16 per cent less likely to lose their baby and 24 per cent less likely to experience pre-term birth, according to WHO.

“The fact that today more children live to see their first birthday than any time in history is a true mark of what can be achieved when the world puts health and well-being at the centre of our response,” said Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “Now, we must not let the COVID-19 pandemic turn back remarkable progress for our children and future generations. Rather, it’s time to use what we know works to save lives, and keep investing in stronger, resilient health systems.”

Based on the responses from countries that participated in the UNICEF and WHO surveys, the most commonly cited reasons for health service disruptions included parents avoiding health centers for fear of infection; transport restrictions; suspension or closure of services and facilities; fewer healthcare workers due to diversions or fear of infection due to shortages in personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves; and greater financial difficulties. Afghanistan, Bolivia, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Libya, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sudan and Yemen are among the hardest hit countries.

Seven of the nine countries had high child mortality rates of more than 50 deaths per 1000 live births among children under five in 2019. In Afghanistan, where 1 in 17 children died before reaching age 5 in 2019, the Ministry of Health reported a significant reduction in visits to health facilities. Out of fear of contracting the COVID-19 virus, families are de-prioritizing pre- and post-natal care, adding to the risk faced by pregnant women and newborn babies.

Even before COVID-19, newborns were at highest risk of death. In 2019, a newborn baby died every 13 seconds. Moreover, 47 per cent of all under-five deaths occurred in the neonatal period, up from 40 per cent in 1990. With severe disruptions in essential health services, newborn babies could be at much higher risk of dying. For example, in Cameroon, where 1 out of every 38 newborns died in 2019, the UNICEF survey reported an estimated 75 per cent disruptions in services for essential newborn care, antenatal check-ups, obstetric care and post-natal care.

In May, initial modelling by Johns Hopkins University showed that almost 6,000 additional children could die per day due to disruptions due to COVID-19.

These reports and surveys highlight the need for urgent action to restore and improve childbirth services and antenatal and postnatal care for mothers and babies, including having skilled health workers to care for them at birth. Working with parents to assuage their fears and reassure them is also important.

“The COVID-19 pandemic has put years of global progress to end preventable child deaths in serious jeopardy,” said Muhammad Ali Pate, Global Director for Health, Nutrition and Population at the World Bank. “It is essential to protect life-saving services which have been key to reducing child mortality. We will continue to work with governments and partners to reinforce healthcare systems to ensure mothers and children get the services they need.”

“The new report demonstrates the ongoing progress worldwide in reducing child mortality,” said John Wilmoth, Director of the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. “While the report highlights the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on interventions that are critical for children’s health, it also draws attention to the need to redress the vast inequities in a child’s prospects for survival and good health.”

######

Download photos, b-roll, the full child mortality estimates report and data files here. For the UNICEF survey on disruptions due to COVID-19, click here.
Main report landing page: https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-and-trends-in-child-mortality/
Datasets: https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/child-mortality/
Narrative page https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/

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September 9, 2020 0 comments

Notice Conference Public Health Events

Public Health Conference Logo Competition 2020

by Public Health Update September 8, 2020

written by Public Health Update

Nepal Public Health Association is hosting a logo competition for its 2020 public health conference, and invites submissions of compelling logos that visually represent our conference theme: “Health Sector Reform in Federalism: Lessons from COVID-19 and Thinking Beyond.”

Submission process: Entries must be submitted in electronic format at: conference.nepha@gmail.com

Submission deadline: 18th September 2020.

Public health students and professionals are encouraged to participate.
Public Health Update

First Nepal Public Health Conference 2020

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September 8, 2020 0 comments

Call for Proposal, EOI & RFP Grants and Funding Opportunities Public Health Opportunities Research & Project Grants

Call for Health Research Grant Nepal Health Research Council

by Public Health Update September 7, 2020

written by Public Health Update

Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) announces Request for proposals for Provincial Research Grant, Undergraduate and Postgraduate Research Grant for the fiscal year 2077/78 from Nepalese citizens.

Provincial research grant is open for all 7 provinces and UG/PG research grant for UG/PG students enrolled in Nepalese University across the country to support innovative research ideas on health and medical sciences from eligible Nepali citizens.

For more info please visit www.nhrc.gov.np

Call for Health Research Grant
Notice for NHRC Provincial Research Grant
Notice for NHRC Undergraduate and Postgraduate Research Grant

Contact
Capacity Building Section
Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC)
Ramshah path, Kathmandu Nepal
+977 1 4254220 4227460
grant.nhrc@gmail.com

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September 7, 2020 2 comments

National Plan, Policy & Guidelines Public Health Programs Research & Publication

Guideline for Clinical Audit | Curative Service Division

by Public Health Update September 7, 2020

written by Public Health Update

Curative Service Division, Department of Health Services published a new program implementation guideline for clinical audit of health facilities.

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September 7, 2020 0 comments

Public Health Environmental Health & Climate Change PH Important Day

The First International Day of Clean Air

by Public Health Update September 4, 2020

written by Public Health Update

The United Nations General Assembly has designated 7 September as the International Day of Clean Air for blue skies. This first International Day of Clean Air for blue skies aims to build a global community of action that encourages cooperation at the national, regional, and international levels. It calls on countries to work together to tackle air pollution and provide clean air for all.

Theme

The theme of the first International Day of Clean Air for blue skies is “Clean Air for All”. It invites us all to consider how we can change our everyday lives to reduce the amount of air pollution we produce.

Air pollution is preventable, but we need everyone on board–from individuals to private companies to governments.

What you can do?

The first observance of the International Day of Clean Air for blue skies provides an opportunity for each of us to combat air pollution.

There are so many things that we can do, from cycling to work, to recycling non-organic trash, to pressuring local authorities to improve green spaces in our cities. Here are some other ideas:

turn off lights and electronics not in use;
check efficiency ratings for home heating systems and cook-stoves, favouring models that save money and protect health; and
never burn trash, as this contributes directly to air pollution.

Air pollution is an environmental risk to human health and an avoidable cause of death and disease worldwide. 92% of our world is exposed to polluted air causing an estimated 7 million premature deaths every year. Environmental health is in fact, inextricably linked to human health. Improving our air quality will bring health, development and environmental benefits.

Source of Info: United Nations Environment Programme & WHO

#WorldCleanAirDay #CleanAir4BlueSkies

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September 4, 2020 0 comments

PH Important Day Non- Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Public Health

World Suicide Prevention Day 2020

by Public Health Update September 4, 2020

written by Public Health Update

World Suicide Prevention Day (WSPD) is observed on September 10 each year to promote worldwide action to prevent suicides. WSPD provides the opportunity for people, across the globe, to raise awareness of suicide and suicide prevention. WSPD was initiated by the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP).

Every year, suicide is among the top 20 leading causes of death globally for people of all ages. Suicide was the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year-olds globally in 2016.

Theme: Working Together to Prevent Suicide

The WSPD theme is “Working Together to Prevent Suicide.” Theme highlights the most essential ingredient for effective global suicide prevention- collaboration. We all have a role to play and together we can collectively address the challenges presented by suicidal behaviour in society today.

Recommended: Mental Health Policy, Nepal

Mental Health and Coronavirus disease (COVID19)
#COVID-19

Key facts

Close to 800 000 people die due to suicide every year.
For every suicide there are many more people who attempt suicide every year. A prior suicide attempt is the single most important risk factor for suicide in the general population.
Suicide is the third leading cause of death in 15-19-year-olds.
79% of global suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Ingestion of pesticide, hanging and firearms are among the most common methods of suicide globally.

Prevention and control

Suicides are preventable. There are a number of measures that can be taken at population, sub-population and individual levels to prevent suicide and suicide attempts. These include:

reducing access to the means of suicide (e.g. pesticides, firearms, certain medications);
reporting by media in a responsible way;
school-based interventions;
introducing alcohol policies to reduce the harmful use of alcohol;
early identification, treatment and care of people with mental and substance use disorders, chronic pain and acute emotional distress;
training of non-specialized health workers in the assessment and management of suicidal behaviour;
follow-up care for people who attempted suicide and provision of community support.

Suicide is a complex issue and therefore suicide prevention efforts require coordination and collaboration among multiple sectors of society, including the health sector and other sectors such as education, labour, agriculture, business, justice, law, defense, politics, and the media. These efforts must be comprehensive and integrated as no single approach alone can make an impact on an issue as complex as suicide.

Source of Info: IASP & WHO

Everyone can make a contribution in preventing suicide.

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September 4, 2020 0 comments

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Features

Enrollment process

Wolbachia

A serious complication of infection

Improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of sepsis

So WHO calls on the global community to:

But, 11 out of 15 countries with the most coronary heart disease deaths due to trans fats have yet to take actions to eliminate the substances

Theme

What you can do?

Theme: Working Together to Prevent Suicide

Key facts

Prevention and control

PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVE