National Health NewsPublic Health News

More people suffering from HIV/AIDS in the country are receiving antiretroviral drugs

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

More people suffering from HIV/AIDS in the country are receiving antiretroviral drugs

Kathmandu, November 29 (The Himalayan Times National Daily)
More people suffering from HIV/AIDS in the country are receiving antiretroviral drugs.
According to National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, 19,388 people living with HIV in the country are receiving ART services currently. The number of patients receiving the service in 2016 stood at 16,449. Among 19,388 patients, 75 per cent are receiving antiretroviral drugs and therapy, while 11 per cent have stopped going for follow-up care. The centre said another 11 per cent had died of the disease. “With the availability of free ART services in 68 centres set up by the government, the number of patients receiving the services has increased,” said Bir Bahadur Rawal, section officer at National Centre for AIDS and STD Control. “We have also established 111 community care centres where HIV patients can receive ARV services.”
“Kathmandu has the most number of people living with HIV. Migration of people from different district, increasing number of people having unsafe sex and use of injectable drugs are leading to an increase in the number of HIV patients ,” he said. 
According to World Health Organisation, HIV/AIDS remains one of the world’s most significant public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
THE HIMALAYANTIMES NATIONAL DAILY 

Right to health- World AIDS Day 2017 & KEY FACTS OF NEPAL

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PH Important DayPublic Health

Right to health- World AIDS Day 2017

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Right to health- World AIDS Day 2017

Right to health- World AIDS Day 2017: World AIDS Day takes place on the 1st December each year.  In 2015, global leaders signed up to the Sustainable Development Goals, with the aim to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030. The UHC framework now lies at the centre of all health programmes.
To complement the global World AIDS Day 2017 campaign which promotes the theme “Right to health”, the World Health Organization will highlight the need for all 36.7 million people living with HIV and those who are vulnerable and affected by the epidemic, to reach the goal of universal health coverage.
Under the slogan “Everybody counts”, WHO will advocate for access to safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines, including medicines, diagnostics and other health commodities as well as health care services for all people in need, while also ensuring that they are protected against financial risks.

Key messages to achieve univeral health coverage

  • Leave no one behind.
  • HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis services are integrated.
  • High-quality services are available for those with HIV.
  • People living with HIV have access to affordable care.
  • The HIV response is robust and leads to stronger health systems

WHO

My health, my right

The right to health is the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as enshrined in the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This includes the right of everyone, including people living with and affected by HIV, to the prevention and treatment of ill health, to make decisions about one’s own health and to be treated with respect and dignity and without discrimination.
Everyone, regardless of who they are or where they live, has a right to health, which is also dependent on adequate sanitation and housing, nutritious food, healthy working conditions and access to justice.
The right to health is supported by, and linked to, a wider set of rights. Without the conditions to ensure access to justice, the right to a clean environment, the right to be free from violence or the right to education, for example, we cannot fulfil our right to health.
Ending AIDS as a public health threat can only happen if these rights are placed at the centre of global health, so that quality health care is available and accessible for everyone and leaves no one behind.
#myrighttohealth campaign
In the lead-up to 1 December, the #myrighttohealth campaign will explore the challenges people around the world face in exercising their right to health.
The #myrighttohealth campaign will provide information about the right to health and what impact it has on people’s lives. It will also aim to increase the visibility around the need to achieve the full realization of the right to health by everyone, everywhere.
Almost all of the Sustainable Development Goals are linked in some way to health, so achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, which include ending the AIDS epidemic, will depend heavily on ensuring the right to health.

UNAIDS 

Key facts (WHO Media Centre)

  • HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than 35 million lives so far. In 2016, 1.0 million people died from HIV-related causes globally.
  • There were approximately 36.7 million people living with HIV at the end of 2016 with 1.8 million people becoming newly infected in 2016 globally.
  • 54% of adults and 43% of children living with HIV are currently receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  • Global ART coverage for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV is high at 76% .
  • In 2015, an estimated 44% of new infections occurred among key populations and their partners.
  • It is estimated that currently only 70% of people with HIV know their status. To reach the target of 90%, an additional 7.5 million people need to access HIV testing services. In mid-2017, 20.9 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally.
  • Between 2000 and 2016, new HIV infections fell by 39%, and HIV-related deaths fell by one third with 13.1 million lives saved due to ART in the same period. This achievement was the result of great efforts by national HIV programmes supported by civil society and a range of development partners.

WHO

Nepal Estimates of HIV Infections-2016

2016
 Total PLHIV32,735
 HIV Prevalence (15-49)0.17
Male living with HIV20,232 (62%)
Female living with HIV12,503 (38%)
Children living with HIV (out of total infections)1,197 (3.5%)
 HIV Incidence per 10000.03
 New HIV infections942
 Mother Needing eVT services284
 AIDS Deaths1,771

 
world aids day 2017 infographic1 world aids day 2017 infographic2 world aids day 2017 infographic3

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PH Important DayPublic Health

64th National Tuberculosis Day – 13th Mangsir, 2074

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

64th National Tuberculosis Day – 13th Mangsir, 2074

”Anyone can be infected with TB, together we can control the spread.”

National Tuberculosis Day is the day celebrated to remark the establishment day of NATA. Every year, on mangsir 13th nata central including its district branches organize various awareness raising programs to celebrate National Tuberculosis Day.  As previous year, this year we have planned for week-long program to commemorate national tuberculosis day.
Slogan of 64th National TB Day:  Anyone can be infected with TB, together we can control the spread.

NATA

64th National Tuberculosis Day – 13th Mangsir, 2074

64th National Tuberculosis Day – 13th Mangsir, 2074


64th National Tuberculosis Day – 13th Mangsir, 2074

64th National Tuberculosis Day – 13th Mangsir, 2074


 

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National Health NewsPublic Health NewsPublic Health Programs

SHSDC plans to increase health insurance coverage amount

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

SHSDC plans to increase health insurance coverage amount

Kathmandu, November 24 (HIMALAYAN NEWS SERVICE)
Social Health Security Development Committee has planned to increase the amount the government will cover under its health insurance scheme. The amount is likely to be increased to one lakh rupees.
Earlier, the government provided treatment cost up to Rs 50,000 of any member of the insurer’’s family. “Discount will also be provided on the premium amount to be paid by the insurer if no insurance amount is claimed within a year. The move is aimed at attracting more people towards the government’’s health insurance scheme,” said Dr Guna Raj Lohani, executive director, Social Health Security Development Committee.
The Ministry of Health had launched health insurance programme in Baglung, Ilam and Kailali districts as a pilot project last year.

Govt to expand health insurance programme in 14 more districts

The Health Insurance Act, 2017 requires all citizens to get his/her health insured. The act also envisages bringing persons living in old age homes and orphanages under the health insurance scheme.
Civil servants and people going abroad for foreign employment are also required to get their health insured. Similarly, any organisation established under the prevailing laws should involve their employees in the health insurance scheme.

HIMALAYAN NEWS SERVICE

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PH Important DayPublic Health

International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women 2017

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women 2017

The 25th of every Nov has been designated “International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women 2017” by the United Nations, This day helps to raise awareness and take action to end violence against women and girls. 
The 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is a global campaign spanning from 25 November through 10 December (Human Rights Day)  is taking place this year against the backdrop of an unprecedented global outcry. 

2017 Theme: Leave no one behind

UNiTE leads the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign, which aims to raise public awareness and mobilize people everywhere to bring about change. The theme of the campaign for 2017 is “Leave no one behind: end violence against women and girls.” This theme reinforces the UNiTE Campaign’s commitment to a world free from violence for all women and girls around the world, while reaching the most underserved and marginalized, including refugees, migrants, minorities, indigenous peoples, and populations affected by conflict and natural disasters, amongst others, first. 

United Nations 

Key facts: (WHO Media Centre) 

  • Violence against women – particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence – is a major public health problem and a violation of women’s human rights.
  • Global estimates published by WHO indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.
  • Most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (30%) of women who have been in a relationship report that they have experienced some form of physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner in their lifetime.
  • Globally, as many as 38% of murders of women are committed by a male intimate partner.
  • Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings.
  • Men are more likely to perpetrate violence if they have low education, a history of child maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence against their mothers, harmful use of alcohol, unequal gender norms including attitudes accepting of violence, and a sense of entitlement over women.
  • Women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence if they have low education, exposure to mothers being abused by a partner, abuse during childhood, and attitudes accepting violence, male privilege, and women’s subordinate status.
  • There is evidence that advocacy and empowerment counselling interventions, as well as home visitation are promising in preventing or reducing intimate partner violence against women.
  • Situations of conflict, post conflict and displacement may exacerbate existing violence, such as by intimate partners, as well as and non-partner sexual violence, and may also lead to new forms of violence against women.

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ReportsResearch & Publication

Descriptive Epidemiology of Scrub Typhus in Nepal, 2017

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Descriptive Epidemiology of Scrub Typhus in Nepal, 2017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Scrub typhus is a mite borne acute febrile infectious illness that is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Very few attempts were made in Nepal before 2014 to investigate the presence of this disease. A total of 101 confirmed scrub typhus cases were reported from 16 districts in 2015. The magntitude of the outbreak was so disastrous in 2016 that by the end of third week of December, 831 cases of scrub typhus was reported in 47 of the 75 districts and fatalties reaching to 14. A national wide epidemiological study was thus felt necessary to understand the distribution of the disease. This study in addition documents entomological and rodentological evidence to confirm the presence of the outbreak. Line listing data of scrub typhus cases reported to EDCD were compiled and used for analysis. Data was collected from January to October 2016. Chitwan district was selected for rodentological and entomological study based on the severity and prevalence of the disease. Rodents were trapped; mites collected and laboratatory investigation of rodents and chiggers was done to confirm the presence of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Human blood samples were also collected from suspected scrub typhus patients and both IgM Elisa and IFA, the gold standard assay was done to confirm the presence of the parasite.
Although 831 cases were reported in the country during April-December 2016 in Nepal, complete line listing was available for only 401 cases. Around sixty percent (59.4%) of the cases were female while the median age of the cases was 25 years. Majority of the cases belonged to Janajati/Aadhibasi (44.4%) and Brahmin/Chhetri (44.1%) ethnic groups. From Tarai 81.5% of the cases were reported while on the regional basis, the central region (45.6%) had the highest number of reported cases. Chitwan was the most affected district contributing to 34.4% of the total cases. The outbreak peaked during the month of August and September.
Out of 12 rodents trapped, three were positive for chigger mites. Representative human serum samples tested by IFA confirmed the presence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Nepal. Out of the 61 samples, 29 cases were confirmed scrub typhus positive by IFA. Similalry, two out of nine rodent serum samples were confirmed scrub typhus positive by IFA. One of the three chiggers’ samples was also confirmed positive by PCR. Thus, there is clear evidence of circulation of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Nepal. The study hints the potential of scrub typhus outbreak in Nepal and there is a clear need of early preparedness and control measures.
Karki KB, Acharya BP, Dhimal M, Aryal KK, Sharma GN, Khanal P, Ranabhat K, Dumre SP, Jha AK. Descriptive Epidemiology of Scrub Typhus in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal, 2017. Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC).

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National Health NewsPublic Health News

Global Food and Security Strategy launched in Nepal

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Global Food and Security Strategy launched in Nepal

Strategy to boost farm sector, improve nutrition introduced Global food security
Nov 18, 2017-The US government, in partnership with the Agricultural Development and Health ministries, launched a five-year Global Food Security Strategy (GFSS) on Friday to boost agricultural productivity and improve nutrition in Nepal.
The strategy builds on the US government’s ongoing Feed the Future initiative and will support Nepal’s Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) and Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan. Nepal is one of only 12 countries worldwide selected by the US government to implement this strategy. The total cost of the GFSS has not been disclosed. 
The US Agency for International Development (USAID) is currently running two projects under its Feed the Future initiative—$32.7 million Knowledge-Based Integrated Sustainable Agriculture in Nepal (KISAN II) and $15 million Nepal Seed and Fertilizer Programme. These ongoing projects will be integrated with the border GFSS project once it is fully implemented. 
“The new strategy emphasises investments throughout the agriculture value chain to better connect producers to markets, which will improve access to safe, high-quality food and generate income and job opportunities, particularly among youth,” said US Embassy Chargé d’Affaires Michael C Gonzales. Over the next five years, the GFSS will forge new partnerships and greater collaboration among the government, donors, businesses and civil society to accelerate growth and employment in Nepal’s agriculture sector while enhancing nutrition.
As Nepal has endorsed the ADS, a farm blueprint with a 20-year vision and a 10-year planning horizon, and the Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan, the GFSS will play an important role in harnessing the potential of the agricultural sector and increasing incomes of millions of Nepalis, he said. The ADS that envisages transforming Nepal’s farm sector in the face of common challenges such as climate change, food price volatility, low productivity and water stress was implemented in the last fiscal year.
“Nepal has made impressive strides in reducing hunger and malnutrition over the past two decades. It has set an ambitious goal to graduate from low-income country to middle-income country status by 2030. Hence, the policy goals of the ADS and Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan highlight priorities to address hunger, malnutrition and poverty,” said Gonzales. 
23658427 1717011805015687 494072989563839742 n

Photo: USAID NEPAL

“Through the GFSS, we want to maximize the impact to improve the livelihood of the people, particularly targeting disadvantaged communities, women and young people in the agriculture sector.” Nepal has held on to the top position among South Asian countries in the campaign to reduce hunger. According to the 2017 Global Hunger Index (GHI) released by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Nepal experienced rapid improvements in  reducing hunger and is nearing the ‘moderate’ from the ‘serious’ category, largely due to declines in undernourishment, child stunting and child mortality.
Agriculture Secretary Suroj Pokhrel said that the GFSS would strengthen small holders and marginalized farming communities with higher incomes.  The US government claimed that over the past five years, the Feed the Future initiative in Nepal had helped an estimated 1 million Nepalis to increase income through improved agricultural productivity and enhanced nutrition.  As a result, poverty dropped by 36 percent between 2013 and 2015, stunting decreased from 49 percent to 36 percent from 2006 to 2016, and average farmer sales increased from $250 per year to an estimated $700 per year in the 24 south-western and central districts where the US programme has been implemented, the US Embassy said. 

Original Source of Info: http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-11-18/strategy-to-boost-farm-sector-improve-nutrition-introduced.html

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Public Service Commission Syllabus
Public Health NotesSyllabus

Public Service Commission Syllabus for Public Health Administrator

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Overview

Paper I General Subject
Part I: Management 50 marks
– 6 × 5 = 30 (Short answer)
– 2 × 10 = 20 (Long answer)
Part II: General Health Issues 50 marks
Full Marks: 100
No. of Questions & Weightage
– 4 × 5 = 20 (Short answer)
– 3 × 10 = 30 (Long answer)
Time Allowed: 3 hours

Paper II: Technical Subject
Full Marks: 100
Time Allowed: 3 hours
No. Questions & Weightage
– 4 × 15 = 60 (Critical Analysis)
– 2 × 20 = 40 (Problem Solving)

Paper I General Subject (Management and General Health Issues)

Part I: Management

  1. Management: – concept, principles, functions, scope, role, level and skills of managers
  2. Hospital management
  3. Health manpower recruitment and development
  4. Participative management: concept, advantages and disadvantages, techniques of participation
  5. Time management: concept, advantages, and disadvantages
  6. Conflict management: concept, approaches to conflict, levels of conflict, causes of conflict and strategies for conflict management
  7. Stress management: concept, causes and sources of stress, techniques of stress management
  8. Appreciative inquiry: concept, basic principles and management
  9. Financial management: concept, approaches, budget formulation and implementation, auditing and topics related to fiscal management
  10. Human resource management: concept, functions and different aspects
  11. Planning: concept, principles, nature, types, instrument and steps
  12. Leadership: concept, functions, leadership styles, leadership and management effectiveness
  13. Coordination: concept, need, types, techniques, and approaches of effective coordination
  14. Communication: concept, communication process and barrier to effective communication, techniques for improving communication

Part II: General Health Issues

  1. Present Constitution of Nepal (health and welfare issues)
  2. National Health Policy, 2071
  3. Second long term health plan (1997-2017)
  4. Health services act 2053, health service regulation, 2055
  5. Organizational structure of Ministry of Health at National, Regional and District and Below
  6. International health agencies: role and responsibilities of WHO, UNICEF,
  7. UNFPA and interagency relationships
  8. Professional council and related regulations
  9. Medical ethics in general and its application
  10. Indigenous and traditional faith healing and health practices
  11. Supervision, types and its usage in health sector
  12. Monitoring and evaluation system in health
  13. Health management information system
  14. Health insurance and financing in health care
  15. Effects of environment in public health: air pollution, domestic pollution, noise
  16. pollution
  17. Importance of water, sanitation and hygiene in public health
  18. Effects of disaster in public health: deforestation, landslide, flood, earthquake and fire
  19. Health volunteers involvement in health service delivery
  20. Community involvement in health service delivery
  21. Counseling: – concept, type, importance and its application in health service delivery

Paper II: Technical Subject

A. Epidemiology, Statistics and Research
1. Epidemiology
1.1. Definition and commonly accepted concepts, approaches, methods, incidence, prevalence, association and causation, disease prevention and control
1.2. Aim and use of epidemiology
1.3. Epidemiology of diseases (Infectious and non-communicable disease)
1.4. Dynamics of disease transmission-source of reservoir, Mode of transmission susceptible host, immunity and immunizing agents.
1.5. Investigation of an epidemic
1.6. Screening of diseases
1.7. Health Indicators.
2. Diseases Control
2.1. Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable disease.
3. Health Statistics
3.1. Sources of health information; Health Management Information System.
3.2. Tabulation graphic and diagrammatic representation of data.
3.3. Statistical methods: averages, dispersion distribution, sampling and sampling size test significance, correlation and regression.
4. Demography
4.1. National population policy
4.1.1. Population trends – World and Nepal
4.1.2. Measure of population dynamics
4.1.3. Factors affecting fertility, mortality and migration
4.1.4. Urbanization
4.1.5. Life expectancy
5. Research Methodology
5.1. Operational and health system research
5.2. Research proposal development
5.3. Literature review
5.4. Objectives and hypothesis setting
5.5. Priorities in health research
5.6. Nepal Health Research Council
5.7. Budgeting
B: Health Service Delivery
1. National Health Programs
1.1. Epidemiology and Disease Control Programme: Malaria Tuberculosis, Leprosy, JE, Zoonosis, sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV/AIDS etc.
1.2. Reproductive Health- Safe motherhood, new borne care, family planning Adolescent reproductive health, safe abortion, care of elderly women, RTI/STD/HIV/DIS, infertility prevention and treatment.
1.3. Child health
1.3.1. Care of the newborn; Integrated Management of childhood illness.
1.3.2. Growth and development
1.3.3. Care of the under fives
1.3.4. Right of the child
1.3.5. Management and control of child illness
1.3.6. Immunization
1.4. Nutrition
1.4.1. Food and nutrients with nutritional profiles
1.4.2. Nutritional problems
1.4.3. Nutritional factors in selected diseases
1.4.4. Assessment of nutritional status
1.4.5. Food toxication, additives, fortification
1.4.6. Nutritional programs
2. Environmental Health
2.1. Internal and external and ecological factors responsible for impairing health.
2.2. Management and control of basic and fundamental environmental factors
2.2.1. Water, Air, Ventilation, Lighting, Noise, Housing
2.2.2. Solid waste disposal and control
2.2.3. Excreta disposal and control
2.3. Medical entomology-mosquito, housefly, sand-fly, lice, fleas, bugs etc. control
2.4. Insecticides-safe use and resistance
2.5. Rodents control
3. Occupational Health
3.1. Occupational Environment
3.2. Occupational hazards
3.3. Health problems due to industrialization
3.4. Management, Prevention (medical, engineering and legislation) and control of
3.4.1. Occupational diseases and conditions like Pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, cancers, and dermatitis and radiation hazards
3.4.2. Occupational hazards of agricultural workers
3.4.3. Accidents in industries
3.4.4. Measures for the general health protection of workers.
4. School health
4.1. Curriculum, instruction and training
4.2. Health school environment
4.3. School community cooperation for better health
5. Essential Care Services (EHCS)
5.1. EHCS at the district level and below
5.2. Health care services beyond district level-tertiary and specialized care

Syllabus

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PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Public Health NotesSyllabus

Public Service Commission Syllabus for Public Health Officer

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Syllabus for Public Health Officer 7th Level Examination – Public Service Commission

7th

[1st Paper]

HEALTH INSPECTION RELATED

1 Health and Public Health (5%) (Questions-5)

1.1. Meaning of health and disease, Factors that influence health, concept of health and disease, Dimension of disease, Measurement of health, disease and well being
1.2 Public health concept, Historical development and changing concept
 

2 Health Planning and Management (20%) (Questions-20)

2.1 Approaches, models, methods and practices
2.2 Need assessment, planning cycle, Planning, monitoring and evaluation
2.3 Strategic and operational planning
2.4 Inventory management
2.5 Drug management
2.6 Financial management
2.7 Health economics, Health care financing: Basic concepts and economic evaluation of health care services
2.8 Health care need assessment
2.9 Decentralization in health management
2.10 Quality assurance in health care
 

3 General Epidemiology (10%) (Questions-10)

3.1 Definition, concepts, approaches, aims, and use of epidemiology
3.2 Epidemiological methods, Incidence, Prevalence, association and causation, disease prevention and control
3.3 Epidemiology of communicable and non communicable diseases
3.4 Dynamics of disease transmission
3.5 Investigation of an epidemics
3.6 Screening of diseases
3.7 Health indicators
 

4 Health Statistics (5%) (Questions-5)

4.1 Sources of health information, Health information system
4.2 Tabulation, graphic and diagrammatic presentation of data
4.3 Statistical methods; Measures of central tendency, Measures of variability
4.4 Sampling size, Sampling survey and test of significance, correlation and regression

5. Demography (5%) (Questions-5)

5.1 Population trends-world and national
5.2 Measures of population dynamics
5.3 Factors affecting fertility, mortality and migration
5.4 Urbanization, Life expectancy
 

6 Applied Epidemiology and Disease Control (20%) (Questions-20)

6.1 Epidemiology, Prevention and control of communicable diseases including: Measles, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Acute respiratory tract infection, Rubella, Mumps, Influenza, Tuberculosis, Viral hepatitis, Food poisoning, Typhoid fever, Intestinal worms, Acute diarrhoeal diseases, Filaria, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Japanese encephalitis, Rabies, Tetanus, Trachoma, Leprosy, STD and HIV/AIDS
6.2 Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases
6.3 Concept of Control, elimination and eradication of diseases
 

7 Food and Nutrition (5%) (Questions-5)

7.1 Nutritional profiles
7.2 Nutritional problems
7.3 Assessment of nutritional status
7.4 Food intoxication, additives and fortification;
 

8 Environmental Health (5%) (Questions-5)

8.1 Management and control of basic and fundamental factors; Water, Air, Lighting, Noise, Housing
8.2 Solid waste disposal and control
8.3 Excreta disposal and control
8.4 Medical entomology-Mosquito, housefly, sand fly, lice, fleas, bugs etc. control
8.5 Insecticides safe use and resistance
8.6 Rodents control

9 Occupational Health (5%) (Questions-5)

9.1 Occupational environment and safety
9.2 Occupational hazards
9.3 Management and prevention of occupational hazards
9.4 Measures for general health protection of workers
 

10 Health Education and Health Promotion (10%)

10.1 Concept, Objectives and principles and their importance
10.2 Methods of health education
10.3 Health education medias and production
10.4 Behavior change communication (BCC)
10.5 Community organization and participation
10.6 Communication and information: concepts and importance
10.7 School health program: concepts, areas and importance
 

11 Primary Health Care (PHC), Essential Health Care Services (EHCS) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (5%) (Questions-5)

11.1 Concept, Components, Status and Prospects
12 International Health 5%
12.1 External development partners and their priorities
12.2 UN agencies: WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, UNAIDS and World Bank
12.3 Bilateral agencies working in Nepal: USAID, JICA, GTZ, DFID, SDC, CIDA, AUSAID, NORAD, FINIDA, KOIKA

[2nd Paper]

HEALTH INSPECTION RELATED

Section A- 30 Marks

1 Health Policies Issues (10%) (Questions-1)

1.1 National Health Policy 1991
1.2 Current National Population Policy
1.3 Second Long Term Health Plan (1997-2017)
1.4 Health Sector in Current Five Year Plan

4. Health Issues and Regulations (20%) (Questions-2)

4.1 Health act, 2053 and Health regulation, 2054
4.2 Current financial administration regulation
4.3 Local governance and decentralization in health
4.4 Health and human right
4.5 Professional council and related regulations
4.6 Ethical issues in health

Section B- 30 Marks

2 Introduction, Objectives, Strategies, Targets and Current Status of National Health programs (30%) (Questions-3)

2.1 Family Planning, Safe Motherhood, Immunization Program, Nutrition, Integrated management of Childhood illness (IMCI), Malaria, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Sexually transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV/AIDS
2.2 National health training center: basic, refresher and other continuous medical education programme
2.3 National Health Education Information and Communication Center: Critical overview of functions and roles
2.4 Development of District Health Profiles
2.5 Female Community Health Volunteers Programme (FCHV)
2.6 Primary Health Care Outreach Programme (PHC-ORC)
2.7 Disaster Management and Early Warning Reporting System(EWARS)
2.8 Health Sector Reform Program: Strategy and planning programs
2.9 Health Economics and Financing Unit (HEFU)
2.10 Health Management Information System (HMIS)
2.11 Logistic Management Information System (LMIS)
2.12 Human Resource Information Center (HURIC)

 

Section C- 20 Marks

3 Management of Public Health Programme in the District with Special Reference to (20%)(Questions-2)

3.1 Family Planning, Safe Motherhood, Immunization Program, Nutrition, Integrated management of Childhood illness (IMCI), Malaria, Kala-azar, J.E. and other Vector borne diseases, Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Sexual transmission diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS.
3.2 Training activities in the district;
3.3 Health education, information and communication activities in the District
3.4 Management of Camps

 

Section D- 20 Marks

5 Management Issues in Nepal Health Services (20%) (Questions-2)

5.1 Personnel management: concept, principles, nature
5.2 Human resource management: concept, functions and different aspects
5.3 Community organization: Concepts, principles and process
5.4 Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of health care system: Principles, practice and importance
5.5 Inter and intra-sectoral coordination in health services
5.6 Indigenous and traditional health care system including Ayurveda and other system: Concepts, status and their analytical study
5.7 Analytical study of organizational structure of Ministry of Health and Population and functions

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PH Important DayPublic Health

Wastewater- World Toilet Day in 2017

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

World Toilet Day in 2017- ”Wastewater”

In 2013, the UN General Assembly officially designated November 19 as World Toilet Day. The theme for World Toilet Day in 2017 is “wastewater.” 

Toilets Save Lives

Toilets save lives because human waste spreads killer diseases. However, 4.5 billion people live without a household toilet that safely disposes of their waste. World Toilet Day is about inspiring action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
By 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals, specifically SDG #6, aim to reach everyone with sanitation, and halve the proportion of untreated wastewater and increase recycling and safe reuse.
For that to be achieved, we need everyone’s poo to be contained, transported, treated and disposed of in a safe and sustainable way. Today, for billions of people around the world, sanitation systems are either non-existent or ineffective and, consequently, progress in health and child survival is seriously undermined.
Also, poor water and sanitation cost developing countries around $260 billion a year, 1.5 per cent of their gross domestic product (GDP), while every dollar invested could bring a five-fold return by keeping people healthy and productive.

2017 theme: Wastewater

World Toilet Day 2017 continues the theme from World Water Day earlier this year, with the focus on wastewater. As part of this topic, we are asking the question, ‘Where does our poo go?’ For billions of people around the world, sanitation systems are either non-existent or ineffective. Poo gets out into the environment and spreads killer diseases, seriously undermining progress in health and child survival. Even in wealthy countries, treatment of wastewater can be far from perfect, leading to rivers and coastlines that cannot be safely fished in or enjoyed.
In addition to the profound impact that improved sanitation has on health and living conditions, safely-managed wastewater has massive potential as an affordable and sustainable source of energy, nutrients and water.

The poo journey

The global sanitation crisis is reflected in the following facts, according to reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF):

  • Around 60% of the global population – 4.5 billion people – either have no toilet at home or one that doesn’t safely manage excreta.
  • 862 million people worldwide still practise open defecation.
  • 1.8 billion people use an unimproved source of drinking water with no protection against contamination from faeces.
  • Globally, 80% of the wastewater generated by society flows back into the ecosystem without being treated or reused.
  • Only 39% of the global population (2.9 billion people) use a safely-managed sanitation service, that is, excreta safely disposed of in situ or treated off-site.
  • Combined with safe water and good hygiene, improved sanitation could prevent around 842,000 deaths each year.

Source of Info: UN

By 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals aim to reach everyone with sanitation, and halve the proportion of untreated wastewater and increase recycling and safe reuse.

For that to be achieved, we need everyone’s poo to be contained, transported, treated and disposed of in a safe and sustainable way. Today, for billions of people around the world, sanitation systems are either non-existent or ineffective. Human waste gets out and killer diseases spread, meaning progress in health and child survival is seriously undermined.
 
To achieve SDG 6, we need everyone’s poo to take a 4-step journey:

  1. Containment. Poo must be deposited into a hygienic toilet and stored in a sealed pit or tank, separated from human contact.
  2. Transport. Pipes or latrine emptying services must move the poo to the treatment stage.
  3. Treatment. Poo must be processed into treated wastewater and waste products that can be safely returned to the environment.
  4. Disposal or reuse. Safely treated poo can be used for energy generation or as fertilizer in food production.

Source of Info: World Toilet Day

In Nepal, every year 600 children under five die from diarrhoeal diseases caused by dirty water and poor sanitation. This accounts for a third of all child deaths overall.
Only 48% of the population in Nepal has access to a proper toilet, helping to cause widespread disease. The majority of people do not have a latrine and have no option but to defecate in the open. (WaterAid)
The 2015 Update of the WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), reports that 92% of Nepal’s population have access to improved drinking water, and 64% have access to improved sanitation [inclusive of 18% shared toilets]. The 2014 MICS survey and the DWSS database, suggest that there has been a significant acceleration in sanitation progress both in terms of access to improved sanitation and, very importantly, a substantial decrease in open defecation. atthe end of 2015, out of 75 districts, 27 claim ODF status. And from 217 towns, 81 have declared ODF. Still a good way to go, to ensure sustainability, move towards total sanitation, and take care of fecal sludge. Embedding good hygiene behaviour will take time as well, but it is certainly improving. (Last Updated: 2016) (Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation)
social media cards WTD2017 EN 01 WTD ODF poster english
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