International Plan, Policy & GuidelinesPublic HealthReportsResearch & Publication

High burden, low budget: NCDs in low and middle income countries

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

”Low-income and lower-middle-income countries accounted for a higher percentage of the total population. The burden of Non-communicable diseases was also high but the investment to deal with NCDs was low.” The Financing Global Health report shows.
Summary info: The Financing Global Health report

  • ‘Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 67% of all deaths yet only receive 2% of the funding to improve health in low-and middle-income countries.’
  • High-income countries spent $5,551 per person on health, upper-middle-income countries spent $949, lower-middle income countries spent $266, and low-income countries spent $110. Six high-income countries account for as much spending as the rest of the world combined.
  • In 2015, countries with the lowest rates of HIV prevalence spent the most (65%) on HIV/AIDS. Spending per case was also highest in these countries at $2,788. By contrast, countries with high prevalence rates spent 17% ($731 per case), and countries with extremely high prevalence spent 18% ($681 per case).
  • DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR HEALTH (DAH): Non-communicable diseases, other infectious diseases, and maternal, newborn, and child health had the largest annualized percent change in DAH from 2010 to 2017 at 7%, 5%, and 4%, respectively.
  • UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE: There is great variation in expected health spending around the world.

Infographic NCDs Funding 2018
Financing Global Health 2017 is the ninth edition of IHME’s annual series on global health spending and health financing. 

DOWNLOAD:  Financing Global Health report

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Public Health

Medical Doctors & Pharmacists – The Nepalese Army

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Nepali Army invites application from highly qualified, competent and interested candidates for following positions;

  • Medical Doctors -15 seats
  • Pharmacists – 2 seats 

Syllabus

nepal army job vacancy nepal

DOWNLOAD NOTICE 

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National Plan, Policy & GuidelinesResearch & Publication

35 roles & responsibilities of Ministry fo Health & Population

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

35 roles & responsibilities of Ministry fo Health & Population,

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Information and Communication,

Department of Printing (Published date: 2074/12/01)

1

2
33

Department of Printing (Published date: 2074/12/01)

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Global Health NewsPublic Health News

WHO and UNICEF issue new guidance to promote breastfeeding in health facilities globally

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

WHO and UNICEF issue new guidance to promote breastfeeding in health facilities globally

News release

11 APRIL 2018 | GENEVA – WHO and UNICEF today issued new ten-step guidance to increase support for breastfeeding in health facilities that provide maternity and newborn services. Breastfeeding all babies for the first 2 years would save the lives of more than 820 000 children under age 5 annually.
The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding underpin the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative, which both organizations launched in 1991. The practical guidance encourages new mothers to breastfeed and informs health workers how best to support breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding is vital to a child’s lifelong health, and reduces costs for health facilities, families, and governments. Breastfeeding within the first hour of birth protects newborn babies from infections and saves lives. Infants are at greater risk of death due to diarrhoea and other infections when they are only partially breastfed or not breastfed at all. Breastfeeding also improves IQ, school readiness and attendance, and is associated with higher income in adult life. It also reduces the risk of breast cancer in the mother.
“Breastfeeding saves lives. Its benefits help keep babies healthy in their first days and last will into adulthood,” says UNICEF Executive Director Henrietta H. Fore. “But breastfeeding requires support, encouragement and guidance. With these basic steps, implemented properly, we can significantly improve breastfeeding rates around the world and give children the best possible start in life.”
WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus says that in many hospitals and communities around the world, whether a child can be breastfed or not can make the difference between life and death, and whether a child will develop to reach his or her full potential.
“Hospitals are not there just to cure the ill. They are there to promote life and ensure people can thrive and live their lives to their full potential,” says Dr Tedros. “As part of every country’s drive to achieve universal health coverage, there is no better or more crucial place to start than by ensuring the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding are the standard for care of mothers and their babies.”
The new guidance describes practical steps countries should take to protect, promote and support breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services. They provide the immediate health system platform to help mothers initiate breastfeeding within the first hour and breastfeed exclusively for six months.
It describes how hospitals should have a written breastfeeding policy in place, staff competencies, and antenatal and post-birth care, including breastfeeding support for mothers. It also recommends limited use of breastmilk substitutes, rooming-in, responsive feeding, educating parents on the use of bottles and pacifiers, and support when mothers and babies are discharged from hospital.

WHO Media centre

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 [irp posts=”21920″ name=”Ten steps to successful breastfeeding (revised 2018)”]

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PH Important DayPublic Health

10 facts on breastfeeding

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

10 facts on breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival.
If every child was breastfed within an hour of birth, given only breast milk for their first six months of life, and continued breastfeeding up to the age of two years, about 800 000 child lives would be saved every year 1. Globally, less than 40% of infants under six months of age are exclusively breastfed. Adequate breastfeeding counselling and support are essential for mothers and families to initiate and maintain optimal breastfeeding practices.
WHO actively promotes breastfeeding as the best source of nourishment for infants and young children. This fact file explores the many benefits of the practice, and how strong support to mothers can increase breastfeeding worldwide.

WHO recommends

WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. At six months, solid foods, such as mashed fruits and vegetables, should be introduced to complement breastfeeding for up to two years or more. In addition:

  • breastfeeding should begin within one hour of birth
  • breastfeeding should be “on demand”, as often as the child wants day and night; and
  • bottles or pacifiers should be avoided.

Health benefits for infants

Breast milk is the ideal food for newborns and infants. It gives infants all the nutrients they need for healthy development. It is safe and contains antibodies that help protect infants from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, the two primary causes of child mortality worldwide. Breast milk is readily available and affordable, which helps to ensure that infants get adequate nutrition.

Benefits for mothers

Breastfeeding also benefits mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with a natural (though not fail-safe) method of birth control (98% protection in the first six months after birth). It reduces risks of breast and ovarian cancer, type II diabetes, and postpartum depression.

 

Long-term benefits for children

Beyond the immediate benefits for children, breastfeeding contributes to a lifetime of good health. Adolescents and adults who were breastfed as babies are less likely to be overweight or obese. They are less likely to have type-II diabetes and perform better in intelligence tests.

Why not infant formula?

Infant formula does not contain the antibodies found in breast milk. The long-term benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and children cannot be replicated with infant formula. When infant formula is not properly prepared, there are risks arising from the use of unsafe water and unsterilized equipment or the potential presence of bacteria in powdered formula. Malnutrition can result from over-diluting formula to “stretch” supplies. While frequent feeding maintains breast milk supply, if formula is used but becomes unavailable, a return to breastfeeding may not be an option due to diminished breast milk production.

HIV and breastfeeding

An HIV-infected mother can pass the infection to her infant during pregnancy, delivery and through breastfeeding. However, antiretroviral (ARV) drugs given to either the mother or HIV-exposed infant reduces the risk of transmission. Together, breastfeeding and ARVs have the potential to significantly improve infants’ chances of surviving while remaining HIV uninfected. WHO recommends that when HIV-infected mothers breastfeed, they should receive ARVs and follow WHO guidance for infant feeding.

Regulating breast-milk substitutes

An international code to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes was adopted in 1981. It calls for:

  • all formula labels and information to state the benefits of breastfeeding and the health risks of substitutes;
  • no promotion of breast-milk substitutes;
  • no free samples of substitutes to be given to pregnant women, mothers or their families; and
  • no distribution of free or subsidized substitutes to health workers or facilities.

Support for mothers is essential

Breastfeeding has to be learned and many women encounter difficulties at the beginning. Many routine practices, such as separation of mother and baby, use of newborn nurseries, and supplementation with infant formula, actually make it harder for mothers and babies to breastfeed. Health facilities that support breastfeeding by avoiding these practices and making trained breastfeeding counsellors available to new mothers encourage higher rates of the practice. To provide this support and improve care for mothers and newborns, there are “baby-friendly” facilities in about 152 countries thanks to the WHO-UNICEF Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative.

Work and breastfeeding

Many mothers who return to work abandon breastfeeding partially or completely because they do not have sufficient time, or a place to breastfeed, express and store their milk. Mothers need a safe, clean and private place in or near their workplace to continue breastfeeding. Enabling conditions at work, such as paid maternity leave, part-time work arrangements, on-site crèches, facilities for expressing and storing breast milk, and breastfeeding breaks, can help.

The next step: phasing in solid foods

To meet the growing needs of babies at six months of age, mashed solid foods should be introduced as a complement to continued breastfeeding. Foods for the baby can be specially prepared or modified from family meals. WHO notes that:

  • breastfeeding should not be decreased when starting on solids;
  • food should be given with a spoon or cup, not in a bottle;
  • food should be clean and safe; and
  • ample time is needed for young children to learn to eat solid foods.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

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International Plan, Policy & GuidelinesResearch & Publication

Ten steps to successful breastfeeding (revised 2018)

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Ten steps to successful breastfeeding (revised 2018)

WHO and UNICEF launched the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to help motivate facilities providing maternity and newborn services worldwide to implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. The Ten Steps summarize a package of policies and procedures that facilities providing maternity and newborn services should implement to support breastfeeding. WHO has called upon all facilities providing maternity and newborn services worldwide to implement the Ten Steps.
The implementation guidance for BFHI emphasizes strategies to scale up to universal coverage and ensure sustainability over time. The guidance focuses on integrating the programme more fully in the health-care system, to ensure that all facilities in a country implement the Ten Steps. Countries are called upon to fulfill nine key responsibilities through a national BFHI programme:

Ten steps to successful breastfeeding

Critical management procedures

1a. Comply fully with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and relevant World Health Assembly resolutions.
1b. Have a written infant feeding policy that is routinely communicated to staff and parents.
1c. Establish ongoing monitoring and data-management systems.
2. Ensure that staff have sufficient knowledge, competence and skills to support breastfeeding.

Key clinical practices

3. Discuss the importance and management of breastfeeding with pregnant women and their families.
4. Facilitate immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact and support mothers to initiate breastfeeding as soon as possible after birth.
5. Support mothers to initiate and maintain breastfeeding and manage common difficulties.
6. Do not provide breastfed newborns any food or fluids other than breast milk, unless medically indicated.
7. Enable mothers and their infants to remain together and to practise rooming-in 24 hours a day.
8. Support mothers to recognize and respond to their infants’ cues for feeding.
9. Counsel mothers on the use and risks of feeding bottles, teats and pacifiers.
10. Coordinate discharge so that parents and their infants have timely access to ongoing support and care. 

There is substantial evidence that implementing the Ten Steps significantly improves breastfeeding rates. A systematic review of 58 studies on maternity and newborn care published in 2016 demonstrated clearly that adherence to the Ten Steps impacts early initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding and total duration of breastfeeding.

WHO

[irp posts=”21918″ name=”WHO and UNICEF issue new guidance to promote breastfeeding in health facilities globally”]

WHO and UNICEF issue new guidance to promote breastfeeding in health facilities globally

WHO and UNICEF issue new guidance to promote breastfeeding in health facilities globally


 

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Global Health NewsPH Important DayPublic HealthPublic Health News

3 in 5 babies not breastfed in the first hour of life

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

3 in 5 babies not breastfed in the first hour of life

Breastfeeding within an hour after birth is critical for saving newborn lives

31 July 2018  News Release New York/Geneva

An estimated 78 million babies – or three in five – are not breastfed within the first hour of life, putting them at higher risk of death and disease and making them less likely to continue breastfeeding, say UNICEF and WHO in a new report. Most of these babies are born in low- and middle-income countries.
The report notes that newborns who breastfeed in the first hour of life are significantly more likely to survive. Even a delay of a few hours after birth could pose life-threatening consequences. Skin-to-skin contact along with suckling at the breast stimulate the mother’s production of breastmilk, including colostrum, also called the baby’s ‘first vaccine’, which is extremely rich in nutrients and antibodies.
“When it comes to the start of breastfeeding, timing is everything. In many countries, it can even be a matter of life or death,” says Henrietta H. Fore, UNICEF Executive Director. “Yet each year, millions of newborns miss out on the benefits of early breastfeeding and the reasons – all too often – are things we can change. Mothers simply don’t receive enough support to breastfeed within those crucial minutes after birth, even from medical personnel at health facilities.”
“Breastfeeding gives children the best possible start in life,” says Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “We must urgently scale up support to mothers – be it from family members, health care workers, employers and governments, so they can give their children the start they deserve.”
Capture the Moment, which analyzes data from 76 countries, finds that despite the importance of early initiation of breastfeeding, too many newborns are left waiting too long for different reasons, including:

  • Feeding newborns food or drinks, including formula: Common practices, such as discarding colostrum, an elder feeding the baby honey or health professionals giving the newborn a specific liquid, such as sugar water or infant formula, delay a newborn’s first critical contact with his or her mother.
  • The rise in elective C-sections: In Egypt, caesarean section rates more than doubled between 2005 and 2014, increasing from 20% to 52%. During the same period, rates of early initiation of breastfeeding decreased from 40% to 27%. A study across 51 countries notes that early initiation rates are significantly lower among newborns delivered by caesarean section. In Egypt, only 19% of babies born by C-section were breastfed in the first hour after birth, compared to 39% of babies born by natural delivery.
  • Gaps in the quality of care provided to mothers and newborns: The presence of a skilled birth attendant does not seem to affect rates of early breastfeeding, according to the report. Across 58 countries between 2005 and 2017, deliveries at health institutions grew by 18 percentage points, while early initiation rates increased by 6 percentage points. In many cases, babies are separated from their mothers immediately after birth and guidance from health workers is limited. In Serbia, the rates increased by 43 percentage points from 2010 to 2014 due to efforts to improve the care mothers received at birth.

Earlier studies, cited in the report, show that newborns who began breastfeeding between two and 23 hours after birth had a 33% greater risk of dying compared with those who began breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Among newborns who started breastfeeding a day or more after birth, the risk was more than twice as high.
The report urges governments, donors and other decision-makers to adopt strong legal measures to restrict the marketing of infant formula and other breastmilk substitutes.
The WHO and UNICEF-led Global Breastfeeding Collective also released the 2018 Global Breastfeeding Scorecard, which tracks progress for breastfeeding policies and programmes. In it, they encourage countries to advance policies and programmes that help all mothers to start breastfeeding in the first hour of their child’s life and to continue as long as they want.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION/ 31 July 2018  News Release

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PH Important DayPublic HealthPublic Health News

Breastfeeding provides the strongest foundation for lifelong health and optimal nutrition

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Breastfeeding provides the strongest foundation for lifelong health and optimal nutrition

WHO SEARO MEDIA CENTRE 

By Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh, WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding up to the age of two years and beyond provides the strongest foundation for lifelong health. Breast milk contains all the nutrients infants need to grow healthy and strong and, when combined with appropriate complementary foods after six months of age, is a powerful means to set up a lifetime of optimal nutrition, including the prevention of undernutrition and obesity.
Notably, breastfeeding has been promoted as critical to infant development in the WHO South-East Asia Region for many years, with broad cultural acceptance and some of the world’s strongest legislation to encourage the practice. These and other factors mean that on average around half of the Region’s infants are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, compared to 38% globally and 18% in industrialized countries.
To build on the Region’s impressive record and provide each of its infants the strongest foundation for lifelong health and optimal nutrition, a series of key initiatives should be implemented.
First, breastfeeding should be promoted across sectors and its many virtues highlighted wherever possible. That means developing campaigns that educate new mothers and support them to breastfeed, including by highlighting the benefits to mothers themselves, at the same time as enhancing public buy-in. It also means ensuring policymakers across sectors, including in the workplace, are aware that breastfeeding is a proven means to prevent undernutrition (around 60 million children in the Region aged 0-5 years’ experience stunting), as well as to combat obesity and the premature deaths noncommunicable diseases can cause – one of the Region’s Flagship Priorities.
Second, the Region’s Member States should harness the backing provided by the recently adopted World Health Assembly Resolution on infant and young child feeding, which urges all WHO Member States “to implement and/or strengthen national mechanisms for effective implementation of measures aimed at giving effect to the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes”. In other words, each WHO Member State should take the steps necessary to ensure the health and wellbeing of infants is put ahead of all other concerns.
And third, Member States and health facilities across the Region should fully embrace the WHO- and UNICEF-developed Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative. Since 1991 the Initiative has sought to create maternal and child care institutions that protect and promote breastfeeding – especially important outcomes as institutional births increase Region-wide. To this end, in December 2017 WHO South-East Asia held a regional consultation on enhancing the Initiative’s uptake and implementation, with Member State follow-up a key takeaway.
That is especially encouraging as WHO South-East Asia marks World Breastfeeding Week. If every child was breastfed within an hour of birth, was exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, and continued to be breastfed up to the age of two years, the lives of more than 800 000 children would be saved worldwide each year, many of them in the South-East Asia Region. Importantly, each of those children would be given the strongest foundation for lifelong health and optimal nutrition, and the best chance possible of achieving the highest attainable standard of health.

WHO SEARO MEDIA CENTRE 

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PH Important DayPublic Health

Breastfeeding: Foundation of life! World Breastfeeding Week 2018

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

World breastfeeding week is celebrated every year in August first week globally. The aim of world breastfeeding week is to encourage breastfeeding and improve the health of babies. 
It commemorates the Innocenti Declaration signed in August 1990 by government policymakers, WHO, UNICEF and other organizations to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. (WHO)
Objective Word breast feeding Week 2018 

  1. INFORM:  people about the links between good nutrition, food security, poverty reduction and breastfeeding
  2. ANCHOR: breastfeeding as the foundation of life
  3. ENGAGE with individuals and organisations for greater impact
  4. GALVANISE action to advance breastfeeding as a part of good nutrition, food security and poverty reduction 

World Breastfeeding Week 2018 focuses on:

  1. Preventing malnutrition in all its forms Malnutrition refers both to undernutrition and to overweight and associated non-communicable diseases. This double-burden of malnutrition has major consequences on short- and long-term health.
  2. Ensuring food security even in times of crisis Food security means access to food for all people at all times. It is affected by availability of food, affordability and different crises e.g. hunger, natural disasters, conflict and environmental degradation.
  3. Breaking the cycle of poverty Poverty is affected by several factors including hunger and malnutrition. Hunger pushes poor families into a downward spiral and prevents them from breaking out of the poverty cycle. 

Breastfeeding helps to prevent malnutrition in all its forms, ensures food security for infants and young children, and thus helps to bring people and nations out of the hunger and poverty cycle. It is therefore a [ Foundation of life. Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding is vital to a more sustainable world. ]
Source of Info: World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA

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International Plan, Policy & GuidelinesResearch & Publication

Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding

by Public Health Update
written by Public Health Update

Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding

In 1989, WHO and UNICEF described the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding as a global standard of quality maternity care. The Ten Steps address facility policies, training, community outreach, and caring procedures for new mothers and babies. The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) was launched to encourage maternity facilities worldwide to adopt the Ten Steps. Maternity facilities that adhere to the Ten Steps and comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes are awarded the prestigious title of being ”Baby-friendly”. The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) was launched in 1991 as a global programme to incentivize maternity facilities throughout the world to adhere to the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding and comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.
The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding; 
1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff.
2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding.
4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within one half-hour of birth.
5. Show mothers how to breastfeed and maintain lactation, even if they should be separated from
their infants.
6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breastmilk, unless medically indicated.
7. Practice rooming in – that is, allow mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours a day.
8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand.
9. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers (also called dummies or soothers) to breastfeeding infants.
10. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on
discharge from the hospital or clinic.
ORIGINAL SOURCE OF INFO :  National implementation of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative 2017

Read More : #BREASTFEEDING-WEEK

Sustaining Breastfeeding Together: WABA | World Breastfeeding Week 2017

WORLD BREASTFEEDING WEEK 

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