Page 268 – Public Health Update

World AIDS Day 2016: HANDS UP FOR #HIVPREVENTION

by Public Health Update December 1, 2016

World AIDS Day is held on the 1st December each year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died. World AIDS Day was the first ever global health day, held for the first time in 1988.

DPHO Kaski & Western Regional HIV/AIDS Alliance commemorated the World AIDS Day 2016 with the theme “HANDS UP FOR #HIVPREVENTION” by organizing an “Awareness Rally Programme on HIV/AIDS from ZERO km chowk to Prithivichowk, Pokhara.

Photos

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December 1, 2016 0 comments

PH Important Day

‘Orange the World: Raise Money to End Violence against Women and Girls’

by Public Health Update November 26, 2016

written by Public Health Update

International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 25 November

The United Nations General Assembly has designated November 25 as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women.

From 25 November through 10 December, Human Rights Day, the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence aim to raise public awareness and mobilizing people everywhere to bring about change. This year, the UN Secretary-General’s UNiTE to End Violence against Women campaign invites you to “Orange the world,” using the colour designated by the UNiTE campaign to symbolize a brighter future without violence.

“Violence against women and girls is a human rights violation, public health pandemic and serious obstacle to sustainable development. It imposes large-scale costs on families, communities and economies. The world cannot afford to pay this price.” — Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General

Why This International Day?

Violence against women is a human rights violation.

Violence against women is a consequence of discrimination against women, in law and also in practice, and of persisting inequalities between men and women.
Violence against women impacts on, and impedes, progress in many areas, including poverty eradication, combating HIV/AIDS, and peace and security.
Violence against women and girls is not inevitable. Prevention is possible and essential.
Violence against women continues to be a global pandemic.

http://www.un.org/en/events/endviolenceday/

November 26, 2016 0 comments

Public Health National Plan, Policy & Guidelines Public Health Programs Research & Publication

Free Safe Abortion Service Guideline – 2073

by Public Health Update November 26, 2016

written by Public Health Update

Free Safe Abortion Service Guideline – 2073

The government of Nepal recently announced that abortion services will be available free of charge at public health facilities. For proper implementation of Free safe abortion services GoN/DoHS/FHD released Free Safe Abortion Service Guideline – 2073.

DOWNLOAD : Free Safe Abortion Service Guideline – 2073

Safe Abortion (Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC) services should be;

Accessible
Acceptable
Affordable
Equitable
Quality of Care

Sixth National Safe Abortion Day 2020

Provision of safe abortion services in The Right to Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Act, 2075 (2018)

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November 26, 2016 0 comments

Notice

Important Notice to operate OPD & other services from 10: 00 am to 5:00 pm – Ministry of Health

by Public Health Update November 19, 2016

written by Public Health Update

Important Notice to operate OPD & other services from 10: 00 am to 5:00 pm – Ministry of Health

Gorkha patra (19 Nov 2016)

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November 19, 2016 0 comments

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‘Toilets and Jobs’- World Toilet Day (19 Nov 2016)

by Public Health Update November 19, 2016

written by Public Health Update

World Toilet Day is a day to raise awareness and inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis – a topic often neglected and shrouded in taboos.

Today, 2.4 billion people are struggling to stay well, keep their children alive and work their way to a better future – all for the want of a toilet.

The Sustainable Development Goals, launched in 2015, include a target to ensure everyone everywhere has access to toilets by 2030. This makes sanitation a global development priority.

In 2013, the United Nations General Assembly officially designated November 19 as World Toilet Day. World Toilet Day is coordinated by UN-Water in collaboration with governments and partners.

“Sustainable development goal 6 calls on the international community to ensure access to toilets by 2030. Delivering on this basic human right — the right to water and sanitation — is good for people, business and the economy.” — UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon

The theme of World Toilet Day 2016 is ‘toilets and jobs’, focusing on how sanitation, or the lack of it, can impact people’s livelihoods.

Top facts:

2.4 billion People live without improved sanitation (World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF 2015).
One in ten people has no choice but to defecate in the open (WHO/UNICEF 2015).
Diarrhoea caused by poor sanitation and unsafe water kills 315,000 children every year (WAS-Hwatch 2016).
Disease transmission at work mostly caused by poor sanitation and hygiene practices, causes 17% of all workplace deaths (International Labour Organization (ILO) 2003).
Loss of productivity due to illnesses caused by lack of sanitation and poor hygiene practices is estimated to cost many countries up to 5% of GDP (Hutton 2012)

NEPAL

In Nepal, every year 600 children under five die from diarrhoeal diseases caused by dirty water and poor sanitation. This accounts for a third of all child deaths overall.

Only 48% of the population in Nepal has access to a proper toilet, helping to cause widespread disease. The majority of people do not have a latrine and have no option but to defecate in the open.
(WaterAid)

At the end of 2015, out of 75 districts, 27 claim ODF status. (Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation)

Source of Information:

http://www.un.org/en/events/toiletday/assets/img/posters/fact_sheet_toiletsandjobs_EN_3.pdf

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November 19, 2016 0 comments

National Plan, Policy & Guidelines Public Health Programs Research & Publication

National Annual Performance Review Workshop FY 2072/73 (2015/16) – Presentations

by Public Health Update November 18, 2016

written by Public Health Update

National Annual Performance Review Workshop FY 2072/73 (2015/16) – Presentations

Objectives

Review the status of achievement against target with respect to budget released and expenditure.
Analyze the service coverage, continuity and quality.
Assess the implementation status of recommendations made during previous.
Identify problems, constraints and management issues in implementing the health programs.
Recommend specific strategies and action plan to address the health issues.
Generate specific strategies for low coverage region & districts to boost-up coverage
Interaction between RHDs/Department of Health Services/Hospitals/Ministry of Health and Partners.

DOWNLOAD : Annual Review Presentation 2072/73 (1st Day Presentation)

November 18, 2016 0 comments

PH Important Day

World Prematurity Day

by Public Health Update November 17, 2016

written by Public Health Update

World Prematurity Day is observed on November 17 each year. It aims to raise awareness about the issues associated with preterm birth.

Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. There are sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age:

extremely preterm (<28 weeks)

very preterm (28 to <32 weeks)
moderate to late preterm (32 to <37 weeks).

Induction or caesarean birth should not be planned before 39 completed weeks unless medically indicated.

Key facts

Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation), and this number is rising.

Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age, responsible for nearly 1 million deaths in 2015.
Three-quarters of them could be saved with current, cost-effective interventions.
Across 184 countries, the rate of preterm birth ranges from 5% to 18% of babies born.
Up to 75% of deaths of preterm babies are preventable.
Inequalities in survival rates around the world are stark. In low-income settings, half of the babies born at or below 32 weeks (2 months early) die due to a lack of feasible, cost-effective care, such as warmth, breastfeeding support, and basic care for infections and breathing difficulties.

READ MORE: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

November 17, 2016 0 comments

PH Important Day Public Health Events

Antibiotics: Handle with care – World Antibiotic Awareness Week 2016 (14-20 November 2016)

by Public Health Update November 14, 2016

written by Public Health Update

World Antibiotic Awareness Week 2016 (14-20 November 2016)

World Antibiotic Awareness Week aims to increase awareness of global antibiotic resistance and to encourage best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to avoid the further emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.

A global action plan to tackle the growing problem of resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines was endorsed at the Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly in May 2015. One of the key objectives of the plan is to improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication, education and training.

The theme of the campaign, Antibiotics: Handle with Care, reflects the overarching message that antibiotics are a precious resource and should be preserved. They should be used to treat bacterial infections, only when prescribed by a certified human or animal health professional. Antibiotics should never be shared or saved for the future.

Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines.

Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. A growing list of infections – such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood poisoning and gonorrhoea – are becoming harder, and sometimes impossible, to treat as antibiotics become less effective.

Prevention and control
Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact and limit the spread of resistance.

Individuals

To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can:

Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional.
Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.
Always follow your health worker’s advice when using antibiotics.
Never share or use leftover antibiotics.
Prevent infections by regularly by washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date.

Policy makers

To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can:

Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place.
Improve surveillance of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures.
Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines.
Make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance.

Health professionals

To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can:

Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean.
Only prescribe and dispense antibiotics when they are needed, according to current guidelines.
Report antibiotic-resistant infections to surveillance teams.
Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse.
Talk to your patients about preventing infections (for example, vaccination, hand washing, safer sex, and covering nose and mouth when sneezing).

READ MORE: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

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November 14, 2016 0 comments

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Eyes on Diabetes – World Diabetes Day 2016

by Public Health Update November 13, 2016

written by Public Health Update

World Diabetes Day (WDD) is celebrated annually on November 14. Led by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), World Diabetes Day was created in 1991 by IDF and the World Health Organization in response to growing concerns about the escalating health threat posed by diabetes. World Diabetes Day became an official United Nations Day in 2006 with the passage of United Nation Resolution 61/225.

The World Diabetes Day campaign aims to:

Be the platform to promote IDF advocacy efforts throughout the year
Be the global driver to promote the importance of taking coordinated and concerted actions to confront diabetes as a critical global health issue.

The theme of World Diabetes Day 2016 is Eyes on Diabetes. The year’s activities and materials will focus on promoting the importance of screening to ensure early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and treatment to reduce the risk of serious complications.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the blood (hyperglycaemia).
Type 1 diabetes

(previously known as insulin-dependent or childhood-onset diabetes) is characterized by a lack of insulin production.

Type 2 diabetes

(formerly called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes) is caused by the body’s ineffective use of insulin. It often results from excess body weight and physical inactivity.
Gestational diabetes

is hyperglycaemia that is first recognized during pregnancy.

Sign and Symptoms
Individuals can experience different signs and symptoms of diabetes, and sometimes there may be no signs. Some of the signs commonly experienced include:

Frequent urination

Excessive thirst

Increased hunger

Weight loss

Tiredness

Lack of interest and concentration

A tingling sensation or numbness in the hands or feet

Blurred vision

Frequent infections

Slow-healing wounds

Vomiting and stomach pain (often mistaken as the flu)

The development of type 1 diabetes is usually sudden and dramatic while the symptoms can often be mild or absent in people with type 2 diabetes, making this type of diabetes hard to detect.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors have been associated with type 2 diabetes and include:

Family history of diabetes

Overweight

Unhealthy diet

Physical inactivity

Increasing age

High blood pressure

Ethnicity

History of gestational diabetes

Poor nutrition during pregnancy

Prevention
Simple lifestyle measures have been shown to be effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should:

achieve and maintain healthy body weight;
be physically active – at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity activity on most days. More activity is required for weight control;
eat a healthy diet, avoiding sugar and saturated fats intake; and
avoid tobacco use – smoking increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

The IDF Diabetes Atlas, Seventh Edition 2015 provides the latest figures, information and projections on the current and future magnitude of the diabetes epidemic.

Approximately 415 million adults have diabetes; by 2040 this will rise to 642 million
The proportion of people with type 2 diabetes is increasing in most countries
75% of adults with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries
The greatest number of people with diabetes are between 40 and 59 years of age&nb
sp;
1 in 2 (46%) people with diabetes are undiagnosed
Diabetes caused 5 million deaths in 2015; every six seconds a person dies from diabetes
Diabetes caused at least USD 673 billion dollars in health expenditure in 2015 –12% of total spending on adults
More than 542,000 children live with type 1 diabetes in 2015
More than 20.9 million live births were affected by diabetes during pregnancy in 2015 – 1 in 7 births

EYe on Diabetes:

Diabetic eye disease comprises a group of eye conditions that affect people with diabetes. These conditions include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME), cataract, and glaucoma.

All forms of diabetic eye disease have the potential to cause severe vision loss and blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy involves changes to retinal blood vessels that can cause them to bleed or leak fluid, distorting vision.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision loss among people with diabetes and a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults.

DME is a consequence of diabetic retinopathy that causes swelling in the area of the retina called the macula.

Controlling diabetes—by taking medications as prescribed, staying physically active, and maintaining a healthy diet—can prevent or delay vision loss.

Because diabetic retinopathy often goes unnoticed until vision loss occurs, people with diabetes should get a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least once a year.

Early detection, timely treatment, and appropriate follow-up care of diabetic eye disease can protect against vision loss.

Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with several therapies, used alone or in combination.

SOURCE OF INFORMATION

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November 13, 2016 0 comments

PH Important Day Public Health

Keep the Promise, Stop Pneumonia Now !! – World Pneumonia Day 2016: #StopPneumonia

by Public Health Update November 11, 2016

written by Public Health Update

November 12, 2016

“Keep the Promise, Stop Pneumonia Now”

The World Pneumonia Day seeks to raise awareness of pneumonia as a public health issue and help prevent the millions of avoidable child deaths from pneumonia that occur each year. It is organized by the Global Coalition against Child Pneumonia (a network of international, government, non-governmental and community-based organizations, research and academic institutions, foundations, and individuals) to bring much-needed attention to pneumonia among donors, policy makers, health care professionals, and the general public.(1)

World Pneumonia Day, marked every year on November 12, was established in 2009 to raise awareness about the toll of pneumonia—a leading killer of children around the world—and to advocate for global action to protect against, help prevent, and effectively treat this deadly illness. (2)

Objectives:

Raise awareness about pneumonia, the world’s leading killer of children under the age of five;
Promote interventions to protect against, prevent and treat pneumonia; and
Generate action to combat pneumonia.

Pneumonia is one of the most solvable problems in global health and yet a child dies from the infection every 20 seconds. Together we can ensure the fight against pneumonia is won.

Pneumonia is a leading cause of death for children under the age of five years around the world. The evidence shows that we need to work with integrated approaches to protect, prevent and treat pneumonia in children.
The WHO integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) aims to:

(i) reduce preventable childhood deaths;

(ii) improve coverage; and

(iii) implement essential policies in 139 countries.(3)

Stopping pneumonia isn’t about luck. It’s about action

Pneumonia is preventable and treatable, yet remains a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old worldwide.

“In 2013 alone, more than 900,000 children died from this preventable and treatable illness, accounting for 15% of under-five child mortality worldwide, 2% of which are newborns” – UNICEF

Update your Facebook, Twitter & other social media;

We can prevent pneumonia
Let’s #StopPneumonia from taking the lives of infants around the world with proven interventions: exclusive breastfeeding, adequate nutrition, reduced household air pollution, clean water and sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics.

Did you know?
Pneumonia is the leading infectious killer of children under five worldwide. With safe and effective interventions to prevent and treat the disease, together we can work to ensure that all children reach their 5th birthdays. #StopPneumonia

Timely diagnosis is key
Effective, integrated case management strategies ensure that children receive proper and timely diagnosis of and treatment for pneumonia. Improving access to services and increasing awareness and demand for them within communities is crucial to #StopPneumonia.

http://stoppneumonia.org/advocate-resources/

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy person breathes. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake.

Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Pneumonia killed 920136 children under the age of 5 in 2015, accounting for 16% of all deaths of children under five years old. Pneumonia affects children and families everywhere, but is most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Children can be protected from pneumonia, it can be prevented with simple interventions, and treated with low-cost, low-tech medication and care.

Causes

Pneumonia is caused by a number of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. The most common are:

Streptococcus pneumoniae – the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children;
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) – the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia;
respiratory syncytial virus is the most common viral cause of pneumonia;
In infants infected with HIV, Pneumocystis jiroveci is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.

Transmission

Pneumonia can be spread in a number of ways. The viruses and bacteria that are commonly found in a child’s nose or throat, can infect the lungs if they are inhaled. They may also spread via air-borne droplets from a cough or sneeze. In addition, pneumonia may spread through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. More research needs to be done on the different pathogens causing pneumonia and the ways they are transmitted, as this is of critical importance for treatment and prevention.

Presenting features

The presenting features of viral and bacterial pneumonia are similar. However, the symptoms of viral pneumonia may be more numerous than the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia. In children under 5 years of age, who have cough and/or difficult breathing, with or without fever, pneumonia is diagnosed by the presence of either fast breathing or lower chest wall indrawing where their chest moves in or retracts during inhalation (in a healthy person, the chest expands during inhalation). Wheezing is more common in viral infections.
Very severely ill infants may be unable to feed or drink and may also experience unconsciousness, hypothermia and convulsions.

Risk factors

While most healthy children can fight the infection with their natural defenses, children whose immune systems are compromised are at higher risk of developing pneumonia. A child’s immune system may be weakened by malnutrition or undernourishment, especially in infants who are not exclusively breastfed.
Pre-existing illnesses, such as symptomatic HIV infections and measles, also increase a child’s risk of contracting pneumonia.
The following environmental factors also increase a child’s susceptibility to pneumonia:
indoor air pollution caused by cooking and heating with biomass fuels (such as wood or dung)
living in crowded homes
parental smoking.
Treatment

Pneumonia should be treated with antibiotics. The antibiotic of choice is Amoxicillin dispersable tablets. Most cases of pneumonia require oral antibiotics, which are often prescribed at a health centre. These cases can also be diagnosed and treated with inexpensive oral antibiotics at the community level by trained community health workers. Hospitalization is recommended only for severe cases of pneumonia.

Prevention

Preventing pneumonia in children is an essential component of a strategy to reduce child mortality. Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles and whooping cough (pertussis) is the most effective way to prevent pneumonia.
Adequate nutrition is key to improving children’s natural defences, starting with exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. In addition to being effective in preventing pneumonia, it also helps to reduce the length of the illness if a child does become ill.
Addressing environmental factors such as indoor air pollution (by providing affordable clean indoor stoves, for example) and encouraging good hygiene in crowded homes also reduces the number of children who fall ill with pneumonia.
In children infected with HIV, the antibiotic cotrimoxazole is given daily to decrease the risk of contracting pneumonia.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

November 11, 2016 0 comments

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